SQUAREPANTS

CCNA 1 - FINAL EXAM

2009-05-30T06:23:00.000-07:00

1. Refer to the exhibit. Host B attempts to establish a TCP/IP session with host C. During this attempt, a frame was captured at the FastEthernet interface fa0/1 of the San Francisco router. The packet inside the captured frame has the source IP address 10.10.1.2, and the destination IP address is 10.31.1.20. What is the destination MAC address of the frame at the time of capture?
• 0060.7320.D632
• 0060.7320.D631
• 0040.8517.44C3
• 0009.B2E4.EE03
• 0010.C2B4.3421

2. What are three characteristics of CSMA/CD? (Choose three.)
• It monitors the media for presence of a data signal.
• After detecting a collision, hosts can resume transmission after a random timer has expired.
• A jam signal is used to ensure that all hosts are aware that a collision has occurred.
• Devices can be configured with a higher transmission priority.
• Data is transmitted only when the data signal is present.
• It uses a token system to avoid collisions.

3. Refer to the exhibit. The PC, the routing table of which is displayed, is configured correctly. To which network device or interface does the IP address 192.168.1.254 belong?
• PC
• switch
• router interface fa0/0
• router interface fa0/1

4. Refer to the exhibit. Host A wants to access the Internet. Which combination of a Layer 2 address and a Layer 3 address will enable this access from host A?
• Destination MAC: 0030.8596.DE83 Default gateway: 209.165.202.130
• Destination MAC: 0030.8596.DE82 Default gateway: 172.16.9.2
• Destination MAC: 0030.8517.44C4 Default gateway: 172.16.1.1
• Destination MAC: 0030.8517.44C4 Default gateway: 209.165.202.130

5. Refer to the exhibit. Communication between hosts X and Y is restricted to the local network. What is the reason for this?
• The gateway addresses are broadcast addresses.
• Host Y is assigned a multicast address.
• Host X and host Y belong to different networks.
• Host X is assigned a network address.

6. What is the result of using the clock rate 56000 command at the serial interface of the router?
• The interface is configured as a DCE device.
• The interface timers are cleared.
• The FastEthernet interface is made to emulate a serial interface by assigning it a timing signal.
• The IP address for the serial interface is configured.

7. Which three addresses belong to the category of public IP addresses? (Choose three.)
• 127.0.0.1
• 196.1.105.6
• 132.11.9.99
• 10.0.0.1
• 172.16.9.10
• 46.1.1.97

8. Which three statements are true about transport layer protocols? (Choose three.)
• TCP and UDP manage communication between multiple applications.
• TCP retransmits the packets for which the acknowledgment is not received.
• TCP acknowledges received data.
• UDP exchanges frames between the nodes of the network.
• TCP has no mechanism to acknowledge transmission errors.
• UDP uses windowing and sequencing to provide reliable transfer of data.

9. Refer to the exhibit. Which logical topology describes the exhibited network?
• star
• ring
• point-to-point
• multi-access

10. Which statement is true about the running configuration file in a Cisco IOS device?
• It affects the operation of the device immediately when modified.
• It is stored in NVRAM.
• It should be deleted using the erase running-config command.
• It is automatically saved when the router reboots.

11. Refer to the exhibit. Host C is able to ping 127.0.0.1 successfully, but is unable to communicate with hosts A and B in the organization. What is the likely cause of the problem?
• Hosts A and B are not on the same subnet as host C.
• The IP addresses on the router serial interfaces are wrong.
• The subnet mask on host C is improperly configured.
• The FastEthernet interface fa0/0 of router 1 is wrongly configured.

12. A host is transmitting a video over the network. How does the transport layer allow this host to use multiple applications to transmit other data at the same time as the video transmission?
• It uses error control mechanisms.
• It uses a connectionless protocol only for multiple simultaneous transmissions.
• It uses multiple Layer 2 source addresses.
• It uses multiple port numbers.

13. Refer to the exhibit. PC1 is unable to access PC2. To troubleshoot this problem, the technician needs to confirm that the next hop interface is operational. Which default gateway address should the technician ping from PC1 to confirm this?
• 10.0.0.254
• 192.168.0.249
• 192.168.0.250
• 10.0.1.254

14. Refer to the exhibit. Cable 1 and Cable 2 are wired for specific physical layer requirements. Which three segments use Cable 2? (Choose three.)
• Segment 1
• Segment 2
• Segment 3
• Segment 4
• Segment 5
• Segment 6

15. Refer to the exhibit. Which two facts can be determined about the topology? (Choose two.)
• Three networks are needed.
• Two logical address ranges are required.
• A single broadcast domain is present.
• Three collision domains are present.
• Four networks are needed.

16. Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements are true about the IP configuration that is displayed? (Choose three.)
• The assigned address is a private address.
• The PC cannot communicate with the DNS server.
• The network can have 126 hosts.
• The prefix of the computer address is /26.
• The IP address is routable on the Internet.
• The IP address is a multicast address. 17. Which password restricts Telnet access to the router?
• enable
• enable secret
• console
• VTY

18. Refer to the exhibit. To create the initial configuration, a network technician connected host A to the router using the connection that is shown. Which statement is true about this connection?
• It terminates at the Ethernet port of the router.
• It provides out-of-band console access.
• It terminates at the serial interface of the router.
• It requires a Telnet client on host A to access the router. 19. Which device should be used for routing a packet to a remote network?
• access switch
• DHCP server
• hub
• router

20. Refer to the exhibit. The serial interface of the router was configured with the use of the commands that are shown. The router cannot ping the router that is directly connected to interface serial 0/0/0. What should the network technician do to solve this problem?
• Configure the description at interface serial 0/0/0.
• Configure an IP address on interface serial 0/0/0.
• Remove the no shutdown command at interface serial 0/0/0
• Reboot the router.

21. Refer to the exhibit. In a network, host A is sending data segments to host B. The flow control of the segments that are being exchanged is displayed. Which two statements are true about this communication? (Choose two.)
• The initial window size is determined via the two-way handshake.
• The window size for the TCP session that is represented is initially set to 3000 bytes.
• Acknowledgment number 3001 indicates that host A will send the next segment with sequence number 3001.
• Host B expects that the next received segment number will be 3000.
• No more acknowledgments will be exchanged.

22. Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator wants to remotely access the CLI of the router from PC1 using modem 1. Which port of the router should be connected to modem 2 to enable this access?
• console
• Ethernet
• auxiliary
• serial 23. Which OSI layer uses a connection-oriented protocol to ensure reliable delivery of data?
• application layer
• presentation layer
• session layer
• transport layer 24. What are two functions of the data link layer? (Choose two.)
• It segments and reorders the data.
• It exchanges data between programs that are running on the source and destination hosts.
• It controls how data is placed onto the media.
• It generates signals to represent the bits in each frame.
• It encapsulates each packet with a header and a trailer to transfer it across the local media. 25. Refer to the exhibit. Which list refers only to end devices?
• D,E,F,G
• A,H,B,C
• A,D,E,F
• A,D,E,G

26. Refer to the exhibit. The diagram represents the process of sending e-mail between clients. Which list correctly identifies the component or protocol used at each numbered stage of the diagram?
• 1.MUA 2.MDA 3.MTA 4.SMTP 5.MTA 6.POP 7.MDA 8.MUA
• 1.MUA 2.POP 3.MDA 4.SMTP 5.MTA 6.MDA 7.SMTP 8.MUA
• 1.MUA 2.POP 3.SMTP 4.MDA 5.MTA 6.SMTP 7.POP 8.MUA
• 1.MUA 2.SMTP 3.MTA 4.SMTP 5.MTA 6.MDA 7.POP 8.MUA

27. Refer to the exhibit. Host B was powered off. What change will occur in the MAC table of the switch?
The table will remain unaffected.
• The switch will remove the MAC address at Fa0/19 immediately.
• The switch will retain the MAC address until host B is powered on again.
• The switch will rebuild the MAC table by assigning the FFFF.FFFF.FFFF address to port Fa0/19.

28. Refer to the exhibit. A technician has connected the PC to the switch using a Category 6 UTP cable. Which two statements are true about this connection? (Choose two.)
• The cable that is used is an Ethernet crossover cable.
• The transmit pin of the cable is terminated to the receive pin.
• The maximum distance between the switch and the PC can be 100 m.
• The maximum supported bandwidth is 1000 Mb/s.
• The Category 6 cable simulates a point-to-point WAN link and is unusable for this type of connection.

29. Refer to the exhibit. A host is using NAT to connect to the Internet. Which three IP addresses enable this connection? (Choose three.)
• 10.1.1.63
• 10.1.1.37
• 10.1.1.39
• 10.1.1.32
• 10.1.1.60
• 10.1.1.2 30. Refer to the exhibit. A PC is communicating with another PC on a remote network. The two networks are connected by three routers. Which action will help to identify the path between the hosts?
• Use the ipconfig command at the host.
• Use the ipconfig/all command at the destination.
• Use the tracert command at the host.
• Use the ping command at the destination.

31. An organization wants to create a subnet of the IP network 172.16.0.0. This subnet will accommodate 1000 hosts. Which subnet mask should be assigned to this network?
• 255.255.0.0
• 255.255.248.0
• 255.255.252.0
• 255.255.254.0
• 255.255.255.0
• 255.255.255.128

32. Refer to the exhibit. A host is connected to hub 1. Which combination of IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway can allow this host to function in the network?
• IP address: 172.16.31.36 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240 Default gateway: 172.16.31.35
• IP address: 172.16.31.63 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Default gateway: 172.16.31.35
IP address: 172.16.31.29 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.248 Default gateway: 172.16.31.35
• IP address: 172.16.31.32 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Default gateway: 172.16.31.35
• IP address: 172.16.31.29 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240 Default gateway: 172.16.30.1
• IP address: 172.16.31.37 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Default gateway: 172.16.31.35

33. Refer to the exhibit. A technician uses the nslookup command on the PC and views the output that is displayed in the exhibit. What is the IP address of the primary domain name server configured at the host? (Choose two.)
• 192.168.1.99
• 192.168.2.100
• 10.10.10.32
• 192.168.1.5
• the IP address of the website resolver1.xyz.local

34. Which OSI layer offers ordered data reconstruction services?
• application layer
• network layer
• presentation layer
• session layer
• transport layer

35. Refer to the exhibit. All devices in the network use default configurations. How many logical address ranges are required in this topology?
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6

36. The network administrator wants to install a private application on a server. Which range of port numbers is normally assigned to this application to make it accessible by clients?
• 0 to 255
• 49152 to 65535
• 1024 to 49151
• 0 to 1023

37. Because of a security violation, the router password must be changed. What information can be learned from these configuration entries? (Choose two.)

• Router(config)# line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)# password arj15

Router(config-line)# login
• This configuration allows users to connect by using a modem.
• Users must specify which line, 0 or 4, they wish to connect to when making a connection.
• This configuration allows users to connect to the router via the use of the telnet command.
• This configuration allows five users to make simultaneous connections to this router.
• The configured password is automatically encrypted on the router.

38. Refer to the exhibit. Each media link is labeled. What type of cable should be used to connect the different devices?
• Connection 1 - rollover cable Connection 2 - straight-through cable Connection 3 - crossover cable
• Connection 1 - straight-through cable Connection 2 - crossover cable Connection 3 - rollover cable
• Connection 1 - crossover cable Connection 2 - rollover cable Connection 3 - straight-through cable
• Connection 1 - crossover cable Connection 2 - straight-through cable Connection 3 - rollover cable
• Connection 1 - straight-through cable Connection 2 - straight-through cable Connection 3 - straight-through cable

39. Which two types of media are useful for connecting two devices separated by a distance of 500 meters? (Choose two.)
• 10 BASE-T
• 1000 BASE-TX
• 10 BASE-2
• 1000 BASE LX
• 1000 BASE-SX 40. Which information is used by the router to determine the path between the source and destination hosts?
• the host portion of the IP address
• the network portion of the IP address
• host default gateway address
• the MAC address

41. Refer to the exhibit. What two facts can be determined from the session information that is displayed? (Choose two.)
• This exchange is part of the three-way handshake.
• The destination port indicates that a Telnet session has been initiated.
• The source port does not support communication with the destination port that is listed.
• The destination port indicates that an SMTP session has been initiated.
• The protocol is a connection-oriented protocol.

42. Refer to the exhibit. Host A is accessing multiple servers. Which combination of port number and address will uniquely identify a particular process running on a specific server?
• MAC address of the server and port number of the service
• IP address of the host and port number of the service
• MAC address of the host and port number of the service
• IP address of the server and port number of the service

43. A network technician wants to configure an IP address on a router interface by using the ip address 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 command. Which prompt should the technician see when entering this command?
• Router>
• Router(config-if)#
• Router#
• Router(config)# 44. Refer to the exhibit. Host X is unable to communicate with host Y. Which command can be run at host X to determine which intermediary device is responsible for this failure?
• telnet 192.168.1.1
• ping 192.168.1.1
• ftp 192.168.1.1
• tracert 192.168.1.1

45. Refer to the exhibit. In a network, PC1 sends a message to PC2. The frame received at PC2 is shown. What information in this frame determines the correct destination application?
• timing and synchronization bits
• destination and source physical addresses
• destination and source logical network addresses
• destination and source process numbers

46. An organization has been assigned network ID 10.10.128.0 and subnet mask 255.255.224.0. Which IP address range can be used for this organization?
• 10.10.128.0 to 10.10.160.255
• 10.10.128.0 to 10.10.159.255
• 10.10.128.0 to 10.10.192.255
• 10.10.128.0 to 10.10.0.159
• 10.10.128.0 to 10.10.159.0

47. What is the effect of using the Router# copy running-config startup-config command on a router?
• The contents of ROM will change.
• The contents of RAM will change.
• The contents of NVRAM will change.
• The contents of flash will change.

48. Which three IPv4 addresses represent valid host addresses for a subnet? (Choose three.)
• 10.1.12.79/28
• 10.1.12.113/28
• 10.1.12.32/28
• 10.1.11.5/27
• 10.1.11.97/27
• 10.1.11.128/27

49. Refer to the exhibit. The NAT functionality of the router is enabled to provide Internet access to the PC. However, the PC is still unable to access the Internet. Which IP address should be changed to 209.165.201.1 to enable the PC to access the Internet?
• 192.168.1.191
• 192.168.1.101
• 192.168.1.1
• 192.168.1.254

50. Which three statements are true about network layer addressing? (Choose three.)
• It uniquely identifies each host.
• It assists in forwarding packets across internetworks.
• It uses a logical 32-bit IPv4 address.
• It is not a configurable address.
• It is a physical address.
• It identifies the host from the first part of the address.

CCNA 1 - CHAPTER 9

2009-05-30T06:20:00.000-07:00

1
In the graphic, Host A has reached 50% completion in sending a 1 KB Ethernet frame to Host D when Host B wishes to transmit its own frame to Host C. What must Host B do?

Host B can transmit immediately since it is connected on its own cable segment.
Host B must wait to receive a CSMA transmission from the hub, to signal its turn.
Host B must send a request signal to Host A by transmitting an interframe gap.
**Host B must wait until it is certain that Host A has completed sending its frame.

2
Ethernet operates at which layers of the OSI model? (Choose two.)

Network layer
Transport layer
**Physical layer
Application layer
Session layer
**Data-link layer

3
Which of the following describe interframe spacing? (Choose two.)

**the minimum interval, measured in bit-times, that any station must wait before sending another frame
the maximum interval, measured in bit-times, that any station must wait before sending another frame
the 96-bit payload padding inserted into a frame to achieve a legal frame size
the 96-bit frame padding transmitted between frames to achieve proper synchronization
**the time allowed for slow stations to process a frame and prepare for the next frame
the maximum interval within which a station must send another frame to avoid being considered unreachable

4
What three primary functions does data link layer encapsulation provide? (Choose three.)

**addressing
**error detection
**frame delimiting
port identification
path determination
IP address resolution

5
When a collision occurs in a network using CSMA/CD, how do hosts with data to transmit respond after the backoff period has expired?

**The hosts return to a listen-before-transmit mode. <--- The hosts creating the collision have priority to send data. The hosts creating the collision retransmit the last 16 frames. The hosts extend their delay period to allow for rapid transmission.

6
What are three functions of the upper data link sublayer in the OSI model? (Choose three.) recognizes streams of bits
**identifies the network layer protocol
**makes the connection with the upper layers identifies the source and destination applications
**insulates network layer protocols from changes in physical equipment determines the source of a transmission when multiple devices are transmitting

7
What does the IEEE 802.2 standard represent in Ethernet technologies? MAC sublayer Physical layer **Logical Link Control sublayer Network layer

8
Why do hosts on an Ethernet segment that experience a collision use a random delay before attempting to transmit a frame?
A random delay is used to ensure a collision-free link.
A random delay value for each device is assigned by the manufacturer.
A standard delay value could not be agreed upon among networking device vendors.
**A random delay helps prevent the stations from experiencing another collision during the transmission.

9
Refer to the exhibit. Which option correctly matches the frame field type with the contents that frame field includes? header field - preamble and stop frame
**data field - network layer packet data field - physical addressing trailer field - FCS and SoF

10
Host A has an IP address of 172.16.225.93 and a mask of 255.255.248.0. Host A needs to communicate with a new host whose IP is 172.16.231.78. Host A performs the ANDing operation on the destination address. What two things will occur? (Choose two.)
Host A will change the destination IP to the IP of the nearest router and forward the packet.
Host A will broadcast an ARP request for the MAC of its default gateway. A result of 172.16.225.0 will be obtained.
**Host A will broadcast an ARP request for the MAC of the destination host. A result of 172.16.224.0 will be obtained.
**A result of 172.16.225.255 will be obtained.

11
Which of the following is a drawback of the CSMA/CD access method?
**Collisions can decrease network performance. It is more complex than non-deterministic protocols. Deterministic media access protocols slow network performance. CSMA/CD LAN technologies are only available at slower speeds than other LAN technologies.

12
Ethernet operates at which layer of the TCP/IP network model?
application physical transport internet data link
**network access

13
What is the primary purpose of ARP? translate URLs to IP addresses
**resolve IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses provide dynamic IP configuration to network devices convert internal private addresses to external public addresses

14
Refer to the exhibit. The switch and workstation are administratively configured for full-duplex operation. Which statement accurately reflects the operation of this link?
**No collisions will occur on this link. Only one of the devices can transmit at a time. The switch will have priority for transmitting data. The devices will default back to half duplex if excessive collisions occur.

15
Refer to the exhibit. Host_A is attempting to contact Server_B. Which statements correctly describe the addressing Host_A will generate in the process? (Choose two.)
A packet with the destination IP of Router_B.
A frame with the destination MAC address of Switch_A.
A packet with the destination IP of Router_A.
**A frame with the destination MAC address of Router_A.
**A packet with the destination IP of Server_B.
A frame with the destination MAC address of Server_B.

16
Which statements correctly describe MAC addresses? (Choose three.)
dynamically assigned
**copied into RAM during system startup layer 3 address
**contains a 3 byte OUI
**6 bytes long 32 bits long

17
Which two features make switches preferable to hubs in Ethernet-based networks? (Choose two.) reduction in cross-talk
**minimizing of collisions support for UTP cabling division into broadcast domains
**increase in the throughput of communications

18
What are the two most commonly used media types in Ethernet networks today? (Choose two.) coaxial thicknet
**copper UTP coaxial thinnet
**optical fiber shielded twisted pair

19
Convert the binary number 10111010 into its hexadecimal equivalent. Select the correct answer from the list below. 85 90
**BA A1 B3 1C

20
After an Ethernet collision, when the backoff algorithm is invoked, which device has priority to transmit data? the device involved in the collision with the lowest MAC address the device involved in the collision with the lowest IP address
**any device in the collision domain whose backoff timer expires first those that began transmitting at the same time

CCNA 1 - CHAPTER 8

2009-05-30T06:16:00.000-07:00

1
Which type of cable run is most often associated with fiber-optic cable?
Xbackbone cable
horizontal cable
patch cable
work area cable

2
In most business LANs, which connector is used with twisted-pair networking cable?
BNC
RJ-11
**RJ-45
Type F

3
When is a straight-through cable used in a network?
when connecting a router through the console port
when connecting one switch to another switch
**when connecting a host to a switch
when connecting a router to another router

4
With the use of unshielded twisted-pair copper wire in a network, what causes crosstalk within the cable pairs?
**the magnetic field around the adjacent pairs of wire
the use of braided wire to shield the adjacent wire pairs
the reflection of the electrical wave back from the far end of the cable
the collision caused by two nodes trying to use the media simultaneously

5
Which OSI layer is responsible for binary transmission, cable specification, and physical aspects of network communication?
Presentation
Transport
Data Link
**Physical

6
An installed fiber run can be checked for faults, integrity, and the performance of the media by using what device?
light injector
**OTDR
TDR
multimeter

7
XYZ Company is installing new cable runs on their data network. What two types of cable would most commonly be used for new runs? (Choose two.)
**coax
Cat4 UTP
Cat5 UTP
**Cat6 UTP
STP

8
What is a possible effect of improperly applying a connector to a network cable?
Data will be forwarded to the wrong node.
**Data transmitted through that cable may experience signal loss.
An improper signaling method will be implemented for data transmitted on that cable.
The encoding method for data sent on that cable will change to compensate for the improper connection.

9
What are three measures of data transfer? (Choose three.)
goodput
**frequency
amplitude
**throughput
crosstalk
**bandwidth

10

Refer to the exhibit. Which type of Category 5 cable is used to make an Ethernet connection between Host A and Host B?
coax cable
rollover cable
**crossover cable
straight-through cable

11
In LAN installations where potential electrical hazards or electromagnetic interference may be present, what type of media is recommended for backbone cabling?
coax
**fiber
Cat5e UTP
Cat6 UTP
STP

12
Which fiber connector supports full duplex Ethernet?
kolmas

13
Which method of signal transmission uses radio waves to carry signals?
electrical
optical
**wireless
acoustic

14
Which characteristics describe fiber optic cable? (Choose two.)
**It is not affected by EMI or RFI.
Each pair of cables is wrapped in metallic foil.
It combines the technique of cancellation, shielding and twisting to protect data.
It has a maximum speed of 100 Mbps.
**It is the most expensive type of LAN cabling.

15
Which of the following is a characteristic of single-mode fiber-optic cable?
**generally uses LEDs as the light source
relatively larger core with multiple light paths
less expensive than multimode
generally uses lasers as the light source

16
What is considered a benefit of wireless as a media choice?
**more host mobility
lower security risks
reduced susceptibility to interference
less impact of the surroundings on the effective coverage area

17
What characteristic of UTP cable helps reduce the effects of interference?
the metal braiding in the shielding
the reflective cladding around core
**the twisting of the wires in the cable
the insulating material in the outer jacket

18
What is a primary role of the Physical layer in transmitting data on the network?
**create the signals that represent the bits in each frame on to the media
provide physical addressing to the devices
determine the path packets take through the network
control data access to the media

CCNA 1 - CHAPTER 7

2009-05-30T06:11:00.000-07:00

1.Which options are properties of contention-based media access for a shared media? (Choose three.)
**non-deterministic
**less overhead
one station transmits at a time
**collisions exist
devices must wait their turn
token passing

2.What is a primary purpose of encapsulating packets into frames?
provide routes across the internetwork
format the data for presentation to the user
**facilitate the entry and exit of data on media
identify the services to which transported data is associated

3
Refer to the exhibit. How many unique CRC calculations will take place as traffic routes from the PC to the laptop?
1
**2
4
8

4
What is true concerning physical and logical topologies?
The logical topology is always the same as the physical topology.
Physical topologies are concerned with how a network transfers frames.
Physical signal paths are defined by Data Link layer protocols.
**Logical topologies consist of virtual connections between nodes.

5
Refer to the exhibit. Assuming that the network in the exhibit is converged meaning the routing tables and ARP tables are complete, which MAC address will Host A place in the destination address field of Ethernet frames destined for www.server?
00-1c-41-ab-c0-00
**00-0c-85-cf-65-c0
00-0c-85-cf-65-c1
00-12-3f-32-05-af

6
What are three characteristics of valid Ethernet Layer 2 addresses? (Choose three.)
**They are 48 binary bits in length.
They are considered physical addresses.
**They are generally represented in hexadecimal format.
They consist of four eight-bit octets of binary numbers.
They are used to determine the data path through the network.
**They must be changed when an Ethernet device is added or moved within the network.

7
Refer to the exhibit. A frame is being sent from the PC to the laptop. Which source MAC and IP addresses will be included in the frame as it leaves RouterB? (Choose two.)
source MAC - PC
source MAC - S0/0 on RouterA
**source MAC - Fa0/1 on RouterB
**source IP - PC
source IP - S0/0 on RouterA
source IP - Fa0/1 of RouterB

8
What determines the method of media access control? (Choose two.)
network layer addressing
**media sharing
application processes
**logical topology
intermediary device function

9
What is the purpose of the preamble in an Ethernet frame?
is used as a pad for data
identifies the source address
identifies the destination address
marks the end of timing information
**is used for timing synchronization with alternating patterns of ones and zeros

10
What statements are true regarding addresses found at each layer of the OSI model? (Choose two.)
**Layer 2 may identify devices by a physical address burned into the network card
Layer 2 identifies the applications that are communicating
**Layer 3 represents a hierarchical addressing scheme
Layer 4 directs communication to the proper destination network
Layer 4 addresses are used by intermediary devices to forward data

11
Which statements describe the logical token-passing topology? (Choose two.)
Network usage is on a first come, first serve basis.
**Computers are allowed to transmit data only when they possess a token.
Data from a host is received by all other hosts.
**Electronic tokens are passed sequentially to each other.
Token passing networks have problems with high collision rates.

12
Which sublayer of the data link layer prepares a signal to be transmitted at the physical layer?
LLC
**MAC
HDLC
NIC

13
What is true regarding media access control? (Choose three.)
**Ethernet utilizes CSMA/CD
**defined as placement of data frames on the media
contention-based access is also known as deterministic
802.11 utilizes CSMA/CD
**Data Link layer protocols define the rules for access to different media
controlled access contains data collisions

14
What is a characteristic of a logical point-to-point topology?
The nodes are physically connected.
The physical arrangement of the nodes is restricted.
**The media access control protocol can be very simple.
The data link layer protocol used over the link requires a large frame header.

15
What two facts are true when a device is moved from one network or subnet to another? (Choose two.)
The Layer 2 address must be reassigned.
The default gateway address should not be changed.
**The device will still operate at the same Layer 2 address.
Applications and services will need additional port numbers assigned.
**The Layer 3 address must be reassigned to allow communications to the new network.

16
What is a function of the data link layer?
provides the formatting of data
provides end-to-end delivery of data between hosts
provides delivery of data between two applications
**provides for the exchange data over a common local media

17
Which three factors should be considered when implementing a Layer 2 protocol in a network? (Choose three.)
the Layer 3 protocol selected
**the geographic scope of the network
the PDU defined by the transport layer
**the physical layer implementation
**the number of hosts to be interconnected

18
What is the primary purpose of the trailer in a data link layer frame?
define the logical topology
provide media access control
**support frame error detection
carry routing information for the frame

19
A network administrator has been asked to provide a graphic representation of exactly where the company network wiring and equipment are located in the building. What is this type of drawing?
logical topology
**physical topology
cable path
wiring grid
access topology

20
Refer to the exhibit. Which statement describes the media access control methods that are used by the networks in the exhibit?
All three networks use CSMA/CA
None of the networks require media access control.
**Network 1 uses CSMA/CD and Network 3 uses CSMA/CA.
Network 1 uses CSMA/CA and Network 2 uses CSMA/CD.
Network 2 uses CSMA/CA and Network 3 uses CSMA/CD.

CCNA 1 – Chapter 6

2009-05-30T06:08:00.001-07:00

1. Refer to the exhibit. Which network prefix will work with the IP addressing scheme shown in the graphic.
• /24
• /16
• /20
• /27
• /25
• /28

2. Which IPv4 subnetted addresses represent valid host addresses? (Choose three.)
• 172.16.4.127 /26
• 172.16.4.155 /26
• 172.16.4.193 /26
• 172.16.4.95 /27
• 172.16.4.159 /27
• 172.16.4.207 /27

3. Which statements are true regarding IP addressing? (Choose two.)
• NAT translates public addresses to private addresses destined for the Internet.
Only one company is allowed to use a specific private network address space.
• Private addresses are blocked from public Internet by router.
• Network 172.32.0.0 is part of the private address space.
• IP address 127.0.0.1 can be used for a host to direct traffic to itself.

4. Which process do routers use to determine the subnet network address based • upon a given IP address and subnet mask?
• binary adding
• hexadecimal anding
• binary division
• binary multiplication
• binary ANDing

5. Refer to the exhibit. Host A is connected to the LAN, but it cannot get access to any resources on the Internet. The configuration of the host is shown in the exhibit. What could be the cause of the problem?
• The host subnet mask is incorrect.
• The default gateway is a network address.
• The default gateway is a broadcast address.
• The default gateway is on a different subnet from the host.

6. What subnet mask would a network administrator assign to a network address of 172.30.1.0 if it were possible to have up to 254 hosts?
• 255.255.0.0
• 255.255.255.0
• 255.255.254.0
• 255.255.248.07. Which three IP addresses are private? (Choose three.)
• 172.168.33.1
• 10.35.66.70
• 192.168.99.5
• 172.18.88.90
• 192.33.55.89
• 172.35.16.5

8. Given the IP address and subnet mask of 172.16.134.64 255.255.255.224, which of the following would describe this address?
• This is a useable host address.
• This is a broadcast address.
• This is a network address.
• This is not a valid address.

9. A router interface has been assigned an IP address of 172.16.192.166 with a mask of 255.255.255.248. To which subnet does the IP address belong?
• 172.16.0.0
• 172.16.192.0
• 172.16.192.128
• 172.16.192.160
• 172.16.192.168
• 172.16.192.17610. Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator has assigned the internetwork of LBMISS an address range of 192.168.10.0. This address range has been subnetted using a /29 mask. In order to accommodate a new building, the technician has decided to use the fifth subnet for configuring the new network (subnet zero is the first subnet). By company policies, the router interface is always assigned the first usable host address and the workgroup server is given the last usable host address. Which configuration should be entered into the workgroup server’s properties to allow connectivity to the network?
• IP address: 192.168.10.38 subnet mask: 255.255.255.240 default gateway: 192.168.10.39
• IP address: 192.168.10.38 subnet mask: 255.255.255.240 default gateway: 192.168.10.33
• IP address: 192.168.10.38 subnet mask: 255.255.255.248 default gateway: 192.168.10.33
• IP address: 192.168.10.39 subnet mask: 255.255.255.248 default gateway: 192.168.10.31
• IP address: 192.168.10.254 subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 default gateway: 192.168.10.1

11. Which of the following network devices are recommended to be assigned static IP addresses? (Choose three.)
• LAN workstations
• servers
• network printers
• routers
• remote workstations
• laptops12. hich of the following are features of IPv6? (Choose three.)
• larger address space
• faster routing protocols
• data types and classes of service
• authentication and encryption
• improved host naming conventions
• same addressing scheme as IPv4

13. What is the primary reason for development of IPv6?
• security
• header format simplification
• expanded addressing capabilities
• addressing simplification14. What two things will happen if a router receives an ICMP packet which has a TTL value of 1 and the destination host is several hops away? (Choose two.)
• The router will discard the packet.
• The router will decrement the TTL value and forward the packet to the next router on the path to the destination host.
• The router will send a time exceeded message to the source host.
• The router will increment the TTL value and forward the packet to the next router on the path to the destination host.
• The router will send an ICMP Redirect Message to the source host.

15. Refer to the exhibit. Why would the response shown be displayed after issuing the command ping 127.0.0.1 on a PC?
• The IP settings are not properly configured on the host.
• Internet Protocol is not properly installed on the host.
• There is a problem at the physical or data link layer.
• The default gateway device is not operating.
• A router on the path to the destination host has gone down.16. How many bits make up an IPv4 address?
• 128
• 64
• 48
• 3217. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator discovers that host A is having trouble with Internet connectivity, but the server farm has full connectivity. In addition, host A has full connectivity to the server farm. What is a possible cause of this problem?
• The router has an incorrect gateway.
• Host A has an overlapping network address.
• Host A has an incorrect default gateway configured.
• Host A has an incorrect subnet mask.
• NAT is required for the host A network.

18. What three facts are true about the network portion of an IPv4 address? (Choose three.)
• identifies an individual device
• is identical for all hosts in a broadcast domain
• is altered as packet is forwarded
• varies in length
• is used to forward packets
• uses flat addressing19. What is a group of hosts called that have identical bit patterns in the high order bits of their addresses?
• an internet
• a network
• an octet
• a radix
• Bottom of Form
• Top of Form
• Bottom of Form20. What is the network address of the host 172.25.67.99 /23 in binary?
• 10101100. 00011001.01000011.00000000
• 10101100. 00011001.01000011.11111111
• 10101100. 00011001.01000010.00000000
• 10101100. 00011001.01000010.01100011
• 10101100. 00010001.01000011. 01100010
• 10101100. 00011001.00000000.0000000021. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator has to develop an IP addressing scheme that uses the 192.168.1.0 /24 address space. The network that contains the serial link has already been addressed out of a separate range. Each network will be allocated the same number of host addresses. Which network mask will be appropriate to address the remaining networks?
• 255.255.255.248
• 255.255.255.224
• 255.255.255.192
• 255.255.255.240
• 255.255.255.128
• 255.255.255.252

CCNA 1 – Chapter 5

2009-05-30T06:06:00.001-07:00

CCNA 1 – Chapter 5

1. In an IPv4 environment, what information is used by the router to forward data packets from one interface of a router to another?
• destination network address
• source network address
• source MAC address
• well known port destination address

2. What information is added during encapsulation at OSI Layer 3?
• source and destination MAC
• source and destination application protocol
• source and destination port number
• source and destination IP address

3. In a connectionless system, which of the following is correct?
• The destination is contacted before a packet is sent.
• The destination is not contacted before a packet is sent.
• The destination sends an acknowledgement to the source that indicates the packet was received.
• The destination sends an acknowledgement to the source that requests the next packet to be sent.

4. Which IP packet field will prevent endless loops?
• type-of-service
• identification
• flags
• time-to-live
• header checksum

5. Which portion of the network layer address does a router use to forward packets?
• host portion
• broadcast address
• network portion
• gateway address

6. Refer to the exhibit. Using the network in the exhibit, what would be the default gateway address for host A in the 192.133.219.0 network?
• 192.135.250.1
• 192.31.7.1
• 192.133.219.0
• 192.133.219.1

7. If the default gateway is configured incorrectly on the host, what is the impact on communications?
• The host is unable to communicate on the local network.
• The host can communicate with other hosts on the local network, but is unable to communicate with hosts on remote networks.
• The host can communicate with other hosts on remote networks, but is unable to communicate with hosts on the local network.
• There is no impact on communications.

8. What is the purpose of a default gateway?
• physically connects a computer to a network
• provides a permanent address to a computer
• identifies the network to which a computer is connected
• identifies the logical address of a networked computer and uniquely identifies it to the rest of the network
• identifies the device that allows local network computers to communicate with devices on other networks

9. What type of routing uses information that is manually entered into the routing table?
• dynamic
• interior
• static
• standard

10. When the destination network is not listed in the routing table of a Cisco router, what are two possible actions that the router might take? (Choose two.)
• The router sends an ARP request to determine the required next hop address.
• The router discards the packet.
• The router forwards the packet toward the next hop indicated in the ARP table.
• The router forwards the packet to the interface indicated by the source address.
• The router forwards the packet out the interface indicated by the default route entry.

11. What are the key factors to consider when grouping hosts into a common network? (Choose three.)
• gateways
• purpose
• physical addressing
• software version
• geographic location
• ownership

12. What is a component of a routing table entry?
• the MAC address of the interface of the router
• the destination Layer 4 port number
• the destination host address
• the next-hop address

13. Which intermediary devices could be used to implement security between networks? (Choose two.)
• router
• hub
• switch
• firewall
• access point
• bridge

14. What are three common problems with a large network? (Choose three.)
• too few broadcasts
• performance degradation
• security issues
• limited management responsibility
• host identification
• protocol compatibility

15. Refer to the exhibit. All devices shown in the exhibit have factory default settings. How many broadcast domains are represented in the topology that is shown?
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 7
• 8
11

16. Which three statements are true about routes and their use? (Choose three.)
If no route to the destination network is found, the packet is returned to the previous router.
If the destination network is directly connected, the router forwards the packet to the destination host.
• If multiple network entries exist for the destination network, the most general route is used to forward the packet.
• If no route exists for the destination network and a default route is present, the packet is forwarded to the next-hop router.
• If the originating host has a default gateway configured, the packet for a remote network can be forwarded using that route.
• If a host does not have a route manually configured for the destination network, the host will drop the packet.

17. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is troubleshooting a connectivity problem and needs to determine the address that is used to forward network packets out the network. Using the netstat -r command, the administrator would identify which address as the address to which all hosts send packets that are destined for an outside network?
• 10.10.10.26
• 127.0.0.1
• 10.10.10.6
• 10.10.10.1
• 224.0.0.0

18. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator notices that there are too many broadcasts on the network. What two steps can the network administrator take to resolve this problem? (Choose two.)
• Replace S2 with a router.
• Place all servers on S1.
• Disable TCP/IP broadcasts.
• Subnet the 192.168.0.0 /24 network.
• Disable all unused interfaces on the switches.

19. Refer to the exhibit. The network in the exhibit is fully operational. What two statements correctly describe the routing for the topology that is shown? (Choose two.)
• 192.168.0.2 is the next-hop address that is used by R3 to route a packet from the 10.0.0.0 network to the 172.16.0.0 network.
• 10.0.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R1 to route a packet from the 192.168.12.0 network to the 10.0.0.0 network.
• 192.168.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R1 to route a packet from the 192.168.12.0 network to the 172.16.0.0 network.
• 172.16.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R3 to route a packet from the 10.0.0.0 to the 172.16.0.0 network.
• 192.168.0.1 is the next-hop address that is used by R2 to route a packet from the 172.16.0.0 network to the 192.168.12.0 network.
• 192.168.0.2 is the next-hop address that is used by R2 to route a packet from the 172.16.0.0 network to the 192.168.12.0 network.

20. What two characteristics are commonly associated with dynamic routing protocols? (Choose two.)
• require no device configuration
• provide routers with up-to-date routing tables
• require less processing power than static routes require
• consume bandwidth to exchange route information
• prevent manual configuration and maintenance of the routing table

21. What statement describes the purpose of a default route?
• A host uses a default route to transfer data to another host on the same network segment.
• A host uses a default route to forward data to the local switch as the next hop to all destinations.
• A host uses a default route to identify the Layer 2 address of an end device on the local network.
• A host uses a default route to transfer data to a host outside the local network when no other route to the destination exists.

CCNA 1 – Chapter 4

2009-05-30T06:03:00.000-07:00

1. Based on the transport layer header shown in the diagram, which of the following statements describe the established session? (Choose two.)
• This is a UDP header.
• This contains a Telnet request.
• This contains a TFTP data transfer.
• The return packet from this remote host will have an Acknowledgement Number of 43693.
• This is a TCP header.

2. With TCP/IP data encapsulation, which range of port numbers identifies all well-known applications?
• 0 to 255
• 256 to 1022
• 0 to 1023
• 1024 to 2047
• 49153 to 65535

3. Why are port numbers included in the TCP header of a segment?
• to indicate the correct router interface that should be used to forward a segment
• to identify which switch ports should receive or forward the segment
• to determine which Layer 3 protocol should be used to encapsulate the data
• to enable a receiving host to forward the data to the appropriate application
• to allow the receiving host to assemble the packet in the proper order

4. Which OSI model layer is responsible for regulating the flow of information from source to destination, reliably and accurately?
• application
• presentation
• session
• transport
• network

5. Refer to the exhibit. Host A is using FTP to download a large file from Server 1. During the download process, Server 1 does not receive an acknowledgment from Host A for several bytes of transferred data. What action will Server 1 take as a result?
• create a Layer 1 jam signal
• reach a timeout and resend the data that needs to be acknowledged
• send a RESET bit to the host
• change the window size in the Layer 4 header

6. Why is flow control used for TCP data transfer?
• to synchronize equipment speed for sent data
• to synchronize and order sequence numbers so data is sent in complete numerical order
• to prevent the receiver from being overwhelmed by incoming data
• to synchronize window size on the server
• to simplify data transfer to multiple hosts

7. Which two options represent Layer 4 addressing? (Choose two.)
• identifies the destination network
• identifies source and destination hosts
• identifies the communicating applications
• identifies multiple conversations between the hosts
• identifies the devices communicating over the local media

8. Refer to the exhibit. In line 7 of this Wireshark capture, what TCP operation is being performed?
• session establishment
• segment retransmit
• data transfer
• session disconnect
• Bottom of Form

9. Refer to the exhibit. What two pieces of information can be determined from the output that is shown? (Choose two.)
• The local host is using well-known port numbers to identify the source ports.
• A termination request has been sent to 192.135.250.10.
• Communication with 64.100.173.42 is using HTTP Secure.
• The local computer is accepting HTTP requests.
• 192.168.1.101:1042 is performing the three-way handshake with 128.107.229.50:80.

10. What is dynamically selected by the source host when forwarding data?
• destination logical address
• source physical address
• default gateway address
• source port

11. What are two features of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)? (Choose two.)
• flow control
• low overhead
• connectionless
• connection-oriented
• sequence and acknowledgements

12. What mechanism is used by TCP to provide flow control as segments travel from source to destination?
• sequence numbers
• session establishment
• window size
• acknowledgments

13. Which transport layer protocol provides low overhead and would be used for applications which do not require reliable data delivery?
• TCP
• IP
• UDP
• HTTP
• DNS

14. Which information is found in both the TCP and UDP header information?
• sequencing
• flow control
• acknowledgments
• source and destination

15. Which three features allow TCP to reliably and accurately track the transmission of data from source to destination?
• encapsulation
• flow control
• connectionless services
• session establishment
• numbering and sequencing
• best effort delivery

16. During a TCP communication session, if the packets arrive to the destination out of order, what will happen to the original message?
• The packets will not be delivered.
• The packets will be retransmitted from the source.
• The packets will be delivered and reassembled at the destination.
• The packets will be delivered and not reassembled at the destination.

17. Which is an important characteristic of UDP?
• acknowledgement of data delivery
• minimal delays in data delivery
• high reliability of data delivery
• same order data delivery

18. After a web browser makes a request to a web server that is listening to the standard port, what will be the source port number in the TCP header of the response from the server?
• 13
• 53
• 80
• 1024
• 1728

19. Which event occurs during the transport layer three-way handshake?
• The two applications exchange data.
• TCP initializes the sequence numbers for the sessions.
• UDP establishes the maximum number of bytes to be sent.
• The server acknowledges the bytes of data received from the client.

CCNA 1 CAHAPTER 3

2009-03-25T03:46:00.000-07:00

1. What application layer protocol is commonly used to support for file transfers between a client and a server?
• HTML
• HTTP
• FTP
• Telnet

2. What are two forms of application layer software? (Choose two.)
• applications
• dialogs
• requests
• services
• syntax

3. A network administrator is designing a network for a new branch office of twenty-five users. What are the advantages of using a client-server model? (Choose two.)
• centralized administration
• does not require specialized software
• security is easier to enforce
• lower cost implementation
• provides a single point of failure

4. What is the purpose of resource records in DNS?
• temporarily holds resolved entries
• used by the server to resolve names
• sent by the client to during a query
• passes authentication information between the server and client

5. What is the automated service that matches resource names with the required IP address?
• HTTP
• SSH
• FQDN
• DNS
• Telnet
• SMTP

6. What three protocols operate at the Application layer of the OSI model? (Choose three.)
• ARP
• DNS
• PPP
• SMTP
• POP
• ICMP

7. What are three properties of peer-to-peer applications? (Choose three.)
• acts as both a client and server within the same communication.
• requires centralized account administration.
• hybrid mode includes a centralized directory of files.
• can be used in client-server networks.
• requires a direct physical connection between devices.
• centralized authentication is required.

8. Which application layer protocols correctly match a corresponding function? (Choose two.)
• DNS dynamically allocates IP addresses to hosts
• HTTP transfers data from a web server to a client
• POP delivers email from the client to the server email server
• SMTP supports file sharing
• Telnet provides a virtual connection for remote access

9. Which email components are used to forward mail between servers? (Choose two.)
• MDA
• IMAP
• MTA
• POP
• SMTP
• MUA

10. As compared to SSH, what is the primary disadvantage of telnet?
• not widely available
• does not support encryption
• consumes more network bandwidth
• does not support authentication

11. Which statements are correct concerning the role of the MTA in handling email? (Choose three.)
• routes email to the MDA on other servers
• receives email from the client’s MUA
• receives email via the POP3 protocol
• passes email to the MDA for final delivery
• uses SMTP to route email between servers
• delivers email to clients via the POP3 protocol

12. Which two protocols are used to control the transfer of web resources from a web server to a client browser? (Choose two.)
• ASP
• FTP
HTML
• HTTP
• HTTPS
• IP

13. A small home network has been installed to interconnect three computers together for gaming and file sharing. What two properties represent this network type? (Choose two.)
• User accounts are centralized.
• Security is difficult to enforce.
• Specialized operating system software is required.
• File permissions are controlled by a single computer.
• A computer that responds to a file sharing request is functioning as a server.

14. Which layer of the OSI model supplies services that allow user to interface with the network?
• physical
• session
• network
• presentation
• application
• transport

15. Refer to the exhibit. What is the destination port for the communication that is represented on line 5?
• 80
• 1261
• 15533
• 3912
• 65520

16. What are two characteristics of peer-to-peer networks? (Choose two.)
• scalable
• one way data flow
• decentralized resources
• centralized user accounts
• resource sharing without a dedicated server

17. What application layer protocol describes the services that are used for file sharing in Microsoft networks?
• DHCP
• DNS
• SMB
• SMTP
• Telnet

18. What are two characteristics of clients in data networks? (Choose two.)
• use daemons
• initiate data exchanges
• are repositories of data
• may upload data to servers
• listen for requests from servers

19. What is the role of the OSI application layer?
• provides segmentation of data
• provides encryption and conversion of data
• provides the interface between the applications on either end of the network
• provides control of all the data flowing between the source and destination devices

20. How does the application layer on a server usually process multiple client request for services?
• ceases all connections to the service
• denies multiple connections to a single daemon
• suspends the current connection to allow the new connection
• uses support from lower layer functions to distinguish between connections to the service

CCNA 1 CHAPTER 2

2009-03-25T03:42:00.000-07:00

1. Which two layers of the OSI model have the same functions as the TCP/IP model Network Access Layer? (Choose two.)
• Network
• Transport
• Physical
• Data Link
• Session

2. What is a primary function of the trailer information added by the data link layer encapsulation?
• supports error detection
• ensures ordered arrival of data
• provides delivery to correct destination
• identifies the devices on the local network
• assists intermediary devices with processing and path selection

3. During the encapsulation process, what occurs at the data link layer?
• No address is added.
• The logical address is added.
• The physical address is added.
• The process port number is added.

4. What device is considered an intermediary device?
• file server
• IP phone
• laptop
• printer
• switch

5.Which layer encapsulates the segment into packets?
• physical
• data link
• network
• transport

6. Which statements correctly identify the role of intermediary devices in the network? (Choose three.)
• determine pathways for data
• initiate data communications
• retime and retransmit data signals
• originate the flow of data
• manage data flows
• final termination point for data flow

7. What can be identified by examining the network layer header?
• the destination device on the local media
• the path to use to reach the destination host
• the bits that will be transferred over the media
• the source application or process creating the data

8. What is the proper order of the layers of the OSI model from the highest layer to the lowest layer?
• physical, network, application, data link, presentation, session, transport
• application, physical, session, transport, network, data link, presentation
• application, presentation, physical, session, data link, transport, network
• application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, physical
• presentation, data link, session, transport, network, physical, application

9. Refer to the exhibit. Which three labels correctly identify the network types for the network segments that are shown? (Choose three.)
• Network A — WAN
• Network B — WAN
• Network C — LAN
• Network B — MAN
• Network C — WAN
• Network A — LAN

10. What are the key functions of encapsulation? (Choose three.)
• allows modification of the original data before transmission
• identifies pieces of data as part of the same communication
• enables consistent network paths for communication
• ensures that data pieces can be directed to the correct receiving end device
• enables the reassembly of complete messages
• tracks delay between end devices

11. Refer to the exhibit. Which networking term describes the data interleaving process represented in the graphic?
• piping
• PDU
• streaming
• multiplexing
• encapsulation

12. What is a PDU?
• corruption of a frame during transmission
• data reassembled at the destination
• retransmitted packets due to lost communication
• a layer specific encapsulation

13. Refer to the exhibit. “Cell A” at IP address 10.0.0.34 has established an IP session with “IP Phone 1″ at IP address 172.16.1.103. Based upon the graphic, which device type best describes the function of wireless device “Cell A?”
• the destination device
• an end device
• an intermediate device
• a media device

14. Refer to the exhibit. Which set of devices contains only end devices?
• A, C, D
• B, E, G, H
• C, D, G, H, I, J
• D, E, F, H, I, J
• E, F, H, I, J

15. Refer to the exhibit. Which term correctly identifies the device type that is included in the green area?
• source
• end
• transfer
• intermediary

16. Which three statements best describe a Local Area Network (LAN)? (Choose three.)
• A LAN is usually in a single geographical area.
• The network is administered by a single organization.
• The connection between segments in the LAN is usually through a leased connection.
• The security and access control of the network are controlled by a service provider.
• A LAN provides network services and access to applications for users within a common organization.
• Each end of the network is generally connected to a Telecommunication Service Provider (TSP).

17. Refer to the exhibit. What type of network is shown?
• WAN
• MAN
• LAN
• WLAN

18. What is the purpose of the TCP/IP Network Access layer?
• path determination and packet switching
• data representation, encoding, and control
• reliability, flow control, and error detection
• detailing the components that make up the physical link and how to access it
• the division of segments into packets

19. Which characteristic correctly refers to end devices in a network?
• manage data flows
• originate data flow
• retime and retransmit data signals
• determine pathways for data

20. What is the primary purpose of Layer 4 port assignment?
• to identify devices on the local media
• to identify the hops between source and destination
• to identify to the intermediary devices the best path through the network
• to identify the source and destination end devices that are communicating
• to identify the processes or services that are communicating within the end devices

21. Select the statements that are correct concerning network protocols. (Choose three.)
• define the structure of layer specific PDU’s
• dictate how to accomplish layer functions
• outline the functions necessary for communications between layers
• limit hardware compatibility
• require layer dependent encapsulations
• eliminate standardization among vendor

CCNA 1 CHAPTER 1

2009-03-25T03:37:00.000-07:00

1. Which of the following descriptions are true regarding the management connections on a Cisco router? (Choose three.)

• They are non-network connections.
• They are used to connect the router to the rest of the production network.
• They are synchronous serial ports.
• They are used for initial router configuration.
• They are asynchronous serial ports.
• They are accessed using their assigned IP address.

2. The console port can be used for which of the following? (Choose three.)
• debugging.
• password recovery.
• routing data between networks.
• troubleshooting.
• connecting one router to another.

3. Which of the following describes the function of a WAN?
• connects peripherals in a single location.
• connects multiple networks in a single building.
• provides connectivity on a LAN.
• provides connectivity over a large geographic area.

4. An internetwork must include which of the following? (Choose three.)
• switching.
• static addressing.
• IETF standardization.
• dynamic or static routing.
• consistent end-to-end addressing.

5. ABC Company just purchased three new routers to start their company network. Which items are needed to establish a terminal session between a PC and the router for the initial configuration? (Choose three.)
• straight-through cable.
• terminal emulation software.
• rollover cable.
• RJ-45 to DB-9 connector.
• V.35 cable.

6.Terminal emulation software, such as HyperTerminal, can be used to configure a router. Which of the following HyperTerminal options shown in the graphic are correctly set to allow configuration of a Cisco router? (Choose three.)
• bits per second.
• data bits.
• parity.
• stop bits.
• flow control.

7. Which of the following devices are used in the construction of a WAN? (Choose three.)
• hubs.
• routers.
• communication servers.
• transceivers.
• modems.
• multi-port repeaters.

8. Which of the following are functions of RAM? (Choose three.)
• contains startup configuration file.
• stores routing table.
• holds fast switching cache.
• retains contents when power is removed.
• stores running configuration file.

9. Why is a console connection to a router or switch preferred when troubleshooting? (Choose two.)
• can be accessed remotely.
• does not depend on network services.
• displays startup and error messages by default.
• does not require special components.

10. Which basic components do a router and a standard desktop PC have in common? (Choose three.)
• CPU.
• hard drive.
• input/output interfaces.
• keyboard.
• monitor.
• system bus.

11. During the initial configuration of a 2600 series Cisco router, which cable is required for connecting a PC to the console port?
• twisted.
• crossover.
• rollover.
• straight.

12. A router is composed of many internal components. Which of the following components stores a copy of the router’s configuration file?
• metal-oxide memory.
• read only memory.
• flash memory.
• non-volatile random access memory.

13. What contains the instructions that a router uses to control the flow of traffic through its interfaces?
• packet configuration.
• configuration files.
• flash memory.
• internal components.

14. Several Ethernet hosts on a LAN need the gateway services of a Cisco 2500 series router. Which of the following would be needed to physically connect a router to all of the hosts on the LAN? (Choose two.)
• a crossover cable between the transceiver on a router and a switch.
• a crossover cables between a switch and hosts on a LAN.
• a straight-through cable between the auxiliary port on a router and a switch.
• a rollover cable between the console port on a router and a switch.
• straight-through cables between a switch and hosts on a LAN.
• a straight-through cable between the transceiver on a router and a switch.

15. Which router component holds the configuration file when power is lost?
• volatile random access memory.
• read only memory.
• non-volatile random access memory.
• flash memory.

16. Which of the following layers of the OSI model are incorporated in WAN standards? (Choose two.)
physical layer.
• application layer.
• transport layer.
• data link layer.
• session layer.

17. Which of the following are true regarding router interfaces? (Choose three.)
• provide temporary memory for the router configuration files.
• connect the router to the network for packet entry and exit.
• can be on the motherboard or a separate module.
• hold the IOS image.
• connect the router to LANs and WANs.

18. Which of the following tasks can be accomplished through a management connection on a router? (Choose three.)
• troubleshooting problems.
• monitoring the system.
• capturing LAN data packets.
• configuring the router.
• routing data packets.

19. What do routers use to select the best path for outgoing data packets?
• ARP tables.
• bridging tables.
• routing tables.
• switching tables.

20. Which of the following are functions of NVRAM? (Choose two.)
• stores the routing table.
• retains contents when power is removed.
• stores the startup configuration file.
• contains the running configuration file.
• stores the ARP table.

21. Select the statements that correctly describe flash memory in a 2600 series router? (Choose two.)
• holds the startup configuration by default.
• can be upgraded with single in-line memory modules.
• stores Cisco IOS software images.
• stores routing table information by default.
• maintains the only copy of an IOS image after the router is booted.

TATA SURYA

2009-02-12T23:30:00.000-08:00

Asal Usul Tata Surya

Banyak hipotesis tentang asal usul tata surya telah dikemukakan para ahli, diantaranya :

[sunting] Hipotesis Nebula

Hipotesis nebula pertama kali dikemukakan oleh Immanuel Kant(1724-1804) pada tahun 1775. Kemudian hipotesis ini disempurnakan oleh Pierre Marquis de Laplace pada tahun 1796. Oleh karena itu, hipotesis ini lebih dikenal dengan Hipotesis nebula Kant-Laplace. Pada tahap awal tata surya masih berupa kabut raksasa. Kabut ini terbentuk dari debu, es, dan gas yang disebut nebula. Unsur gas sebagian besar berupa hidrogen. Karena gaya gravitasi yang dimilikinya, kabut itu menyusut dan berputar dengan arah tertentu. Akibatnya, suhu kabut memanas dan akhirnya menjadi bintang raksasa yang disebut matahari. Matahari raksasa terus menyusut dan perputarannya semakin cepat. Selanjutnya cincin-cincin gas dan es terlontar ke sekeliling matahari. Akibat gaya gravitasi, gas-gas tersebut memadat seiring dengan penurunan suhunya dan membentuk planet dalam. Dengan cara yang sama, planet luar juga terbentuk.

[sunting] Hipotesis Planetisimal

Hipotesis planetisimal pertama kali dikemukakan oleh Thomas C. Chamberlain dan Forest R. Moulton pada tahun 1900. Hipotesis planetisimal mengatakan bahwa tata surya kita terbentuk akibat adanya bintang lain yang hampir menabrak matahari.

[sunting] Hipotesis Pasang Surut Bintang

Hipotesis pasang surut bintang pertama kali dikemukakan oleh James Jean dan Herold Jaffries pada tahun 1917. Hipotesis pasang surut bintang sangat mirip dengan hipotesis planetisimal. Namun perbedaannya terletak pada jumlah awalnya matahari.

[sunting] Hipotesis Kondensasi

Hipotesis kondensasi mulanya dikemukakan oleh astronom Belanda yang bernama G.P. Kuiper (1905-1973) pada tahun 1950. Hipotesis kondensasi menjelaskan bahwa tata surya terbentuk dari bola kabut raksasa yang berputar membentuk cakram raksasa.

[sunting] Hipotesis Bintang Kembar

Hipotesis bintang kembar awalnya dikemukakan oleh Fred Hoyle (1915-2001) pada tahun 1956. Hipotesis mengemukakan bahwa dahulunya tata surya kita berupa dua bintang yang hampir sama ukurannya dan berdekatan yang salah satunya meledak meninggalkan serpihan-serpihan kecil. serpihan itu akan terperangkap oleh gravitasi bintang yang tidak meledak dan mulai mengelilinginya

[sunting] Sejarah penemuan

Lima planet terdekat ke Matahari selain Bumi (Merkurius, Venus, Mars, Yupiter dan Saturnus) telah dikenal sejak zaman dahulu karena mereka semua bisa dilihat dengan mata telanjang. Banyak bangsa di dunia ini memiliki nama sendiri untuk masing-masing planet.

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi pengamatan pada lima abad lalu membawa manusia untuk memahami benda-benda langit terbebas dari selubung mitologi. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) dengan teleskop refraktornya mampu menjadikan mata manusia "lebih tajam" dalam mengamati benda langit yang tidak bisa diamati melalui mata telanjang.

Karena teleskop Galileo bisa mengamati lebih tajam, ia bisa melihat berbagai perubahan bentuk penampakan Venus, seperti Venus Sabit atau Venus Purnama sebagai akibat perubahan posisi Venus terhadap Matahari. Penalaran Venus mengitari Matahari makin memperkuat teori heliosentris, yaitu bahwa matahari adalah pusat alam semesta, bukan Bumi, yang digagas oleh Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) sebelumnya. Susunan heliosentris adalah Matahari dikelilingi oleh Merkurius hingga Saturnus.

Teleskop Galileo terus disempurnakan oleh ilmuwan lain seperti Christian Huygens (1629-1695) yang menemukan Titan, satelit Saturnus, yang berada hampir 2 kali jarak orbit Bumi-Yupiter.

Perkembangan teleskop juga diimbangi pula dengan perkembangan perhitungan gerak benda-benda langit dan hubungan satu dengan yang lain melalui Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) dengan Hukum Kepler. Dan puncaknya, Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) dengan hukum gravitasi. Dengan dua teori perhitungan inilah yang memungkinkan pencarian dan perhitungan benda-benda langit selanjutnya

Pada 1781, William Hechell (1738-1782) menemukan Uranus. Perhitungan cermat orbit Uranus menyimpulkan bahwa planet ini ada yang mengganggu. Neptunus ditemukan pada Agustus 1846. Penemuan Neptunus ternyata tidak cukup menjelaskan gangguan orbit Uranus. Pluto kemudian ditemukan pada 1930.

Pada saat Pluto ditemukan, ia hanya diketahui sebagai satu-satunya objek angkasa yang berada setelah Neptunus. Kemudian pada 1978, Charon, satelit yang mengelilingi Pluto ditemukan, sebelumnya sempat dikira sebagai planet yang sebenarnya karena ukurannya tidak berbeda jauh dengan Pluto.

Para astronom kemudian menemukan sekitar 1.000 objek kecil lain di belakang Neptunus (disebut objek trans-Neptunus) yang juga mengelilingi Matahari. Di sana mungkin ada sekitar 100.000 objek serupa yang dikenal sebagai objek Sabuk Kuiper (Sabuk Kuiper adalah bagian dari objek-objek trans-Neptunus). Belasan benda langit termasuk dalam Obyek Sabuk Kuiper di antaranya Quaoar (1.250 km pada Juni 2002), Huya (750 km pada Maret 2000), Sedna (1.800 km pada Maret 2004), Orcus, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, Varuna, dan 2003 EL61 (1.500 km pada Mei 2004).

Penemuan 2003 EL61 cukup menghebohkan karena Obyek Sabuk Kuiper ini diketahui juga memiliki satelit pada Januari 2005 meskipun berukuran lebih kecil dari Pluto. Dan puncaknya adalah penemuan UB 313 (2.700 km pada Oktober 2003) yang diberi nama oleh penemunya Xena. Selain lebih besar dari Pluto, obyek ini juga memiliki satelit.

[sunting] Daftar jarak planet

Daftar planet dan jarak rata-rata planet dengan matahari dalam tata surya adalah seperti berikut:

57,9 juta kilometer	ke Merkurius
108,2 juta kilometer	ke Venus
149,6 juta kilometer	ke Bumi
227,9 juta kilometer	ke Mars
778,3 juta kilometer	ke Jupiter
1.427,0 juta kilometer	ke Saturnus
2.871,0 juta kilometer	ke Uranus
4.497,0 juta kilometer	ke Neptunus

Terdapat juga lingkaran asteroid yang kebanyakan mengelilingi matahari di antara orbit Mars dan Jupiter.

Karena rotasinya terhadap sumbu masing-masing, garis khatulistiwa menjadi lingkar terpanjang yang terdapat di setiap planet dan bintang.

CERITA_LUCU

2009-02-07T01:09:00.000-08:00

Bis apa yang cute..??Bisa gw ;

Orang apa yang keren ??? Orang cuma gw;

Anak apa yg maniez? Anak-anak bilang sih gw;

Mobil apa yang ok?? ? Mobilang gw juga boleh;

Lagu apa yang paling sexy?Lague banget;

Bus apa yang cakep??Busyet deh gw lagi;

Udang apa yang paling imut? Udangapa jangan gw lagi ah..;

Kalong apa yang jelek ??? ? ? ? kalo ngga lo sapa lagi.....^_^hehehe

TETAP SETIA

2009-02-07T01:02:00.000-08:00

Mungkin kisah yang terjadi di kota Amman, Jordania, tergolong langka, unik sekaligus mengundang geli. Seorang pria Jordania yang bernama Bakr Melhem merasa kesepian karena hidup terpisah dengan istrinya yang berada di luar kota. Pria ini iseng-iseng “berselingkuh” dengan wanita lain dalam dunia maya melalui chatroom (ruang ngobrol) di internet. Setelah tiga bulan saling chatting, mereka benar-benar merasa cocok dan saling jatuh cinta. Bahkan sepasang kekasih di dunia maya ini berniat menikah. Mereka lantas membuat janji untuk bertemu di sebuah tempat. Namun saat mereka berdua bertemu, mereka terkejut dan terkesima. Bukannya apa-apa, tapi ternyata “wanita selingkuhan” di internet ini adalah istrinya sendiri. Kontan saja mereka berdua saling menuduh bahwa ia pasangan yang tidak setia. Rencana perkawinanpun batal dan sebaliknya mereka berdua sepakat untuk cerai karena satu sama lain tidak setia!

Kesetiaan memang menjadi barang langka bagi peradaban dunia modern ini. Begitu mudahnya seorang suami berselingkuh dengan wanita lain, sementara itu si istri juga tidak mau kalah dan segera mencari pria idaman lain (PIL). Ujung-ujungnya pun sudah bisa ditebak, mereka memutuskan untuk cerai. Yang menyedihkan, hal yang seperti ini tidak hanya terjadi di kalangan orang yang tidak kenal Tuhan, sebaliknya banyak orang Kristen juga bercerai karena tidak ada lagi kesetiaan.

Semua ketidaksetiaan ini biasanya dipicu oleh pendapat umum yang berkata bahwa rumput tetangga memang selalu terlihat lebih hijau dibandingkan dengan rumput di halaman kita sendiri. Terjebak dengan pandangan yang seperti ini membuat satu sama lain mengorbankan kesetiaan demi mendapatkan sesuatu yang lebih “hijau”, padahal kenyataannya tidak seperti itu.

Perbedaan pendapat memang kerap kali terjadi dan kekurangan-kekurangan pasangan kita memang akan semakin terlihat, tetapi itu bukan berarti melegalkan ketidaksetiaan kita. Justru di saat kita melihat ada kekurangan dan kelemahan di sana sini, tugas kitalah untuk menutup dan menjadi pelengkap baginya. Andaikata setiap orang punya pandangan seperti ini, tentu ketidaksetiaan dan perselingkuhan bisa ditekan sampai titik nol!

Tidak ada yang melegalkan ketidaksetiaan, termasuk kekurangan dan kelemahan pasangan kita

Empat Tanda Cinta Sejati

2009-01-21T22:12:00.000-08:00

Empat Tanda Cinta Sejati

Anda dapat menemukan seseorang yang benar-benar sangat cocok untuk dijadikan pasangan hidup dan bahkan memilikinya lebih dari satu dalam hidup Anda. Tetapi kemudian bagaimana Anda benar-benar mengetahuinya dengan yakin?

Berikut bantuan untuk meyakinkan keputusan hubungan Anda:

Ungkapkan keinginan dan mengapa menginginkannya?

Anda harus memiliki kejelasan tidak hanya tentang apa yang Anda ingin dari cinta, tetapi apa yang diinginkan dalam hidup dengan pasangan Anda. Segera setelah mengetahui itu, Anda akan yakin telah masuk dalam suatu hubungan dengan tujuan dan visi yang jelas seperti apa hubungan Anda dengan dia. Menentukan kriteria akan membantu terhindar dari kesulitan terlibat dengan seseorang yang tidak cocok bagi Anda.

Ukur romantisme Anda

Meskipun kedengarannya basi, buatlah daftar harapan pasangan ideal Anda. Isi dengan keinginan pasangan sempurna, istimewa tetapi realistis. Semakin banyak Anda tahu apa yang cocok bagi Anda, semakin mudah menangkap momen kapan dia bisa berjalan bersama Anda.

Cintai diri sendiri

Ada pepatah lama mengatakan: “Anda tidak akan bisa membahagiakan orang lain sampai Anda membahagiakan diri sendiri.” Hal ini tidak hanya akan membantu pada saat bertemu dengan seseorang yang baru tetapi juga membantu Anda memulai hubungan pada saat yang tepat.

Jadilah yang terbaik

Cinta bukan hanya sekedar mencari seseorang yang akan membuat Anda bahagia. Kecocokan akan menghasilkan yang terbaik- mungkin seseorang yang akan membuat Anda menjadi orang yang bahagia dan lebih produktif.

Cara terbaik untuk menemukan cinta sejati adalah pintar-pintarlah memilih seseorang dan jelas mengapa Anda memilihnya.

Tawa Bisa Bikin Jatuh Cinta

Cara Anda tertawa, bisa membuat orang lain suka dan timbul rasa cinta. Oleh sebab itu, pandai-pandailah mengatur tawa.

Begitu kata dan saran pakar relationship. Katanya, bila Anda sedang berusaha menarik perhatian lawan jenis, cobalah tertawa. Sebab, tertawa ternyata memainkan peranan penting dalam suatu hubungan.

Jo-Anne Bachorowski, asisten profesor psikologi, Maria Smoski, dan Michael J. Owren, profesor dari Universitas Cornell, menemukan bahwa manusia memiliki suara tawa yang bervariasi.

Tak hanya itu, studi yang dilakukan terhadap 120 mahasiswa Universitas Vanderbilt, diketahui, ternyata suara tawa bisa menarik perhatian orang. Bila kita bisa mengolahnya, tawa dapat menimbulkan rasa cinta.

"Tentunya, suara tawa tergantung pada jenis kelamin. Tapi daya tariknya sangat ditentukan situasi dan kondisi orang itu dan lingkungan sekitar --termasuk siapa yang diajak tertawa," jelas Bachorowski.

"Kami melihat, tertawa sangat efektif --seperti halnya tatapan mata. Dan nyatanya, tanpa disadari, banyak orang yang menggunakan trik tertawa untuk menunjukkan kondisi emosional dan cara merespons sesuatu," imbuhnya.

Bikin orang jadi naksir

Sebenarnya, tawa lebih dari sekedar bumbu pembicaraan. Kita bisa memanfaatkan tawa untuk mengontrol keadaan emosi seseorang --dan diri sendiri, tentunya. Dan nyatanya, banyak orang tertarik pada si murah senyum.

"Bila orang sudah tertarik akan kemurahan senyum Anda, maka Anda bisa membuatnya lebih tertarik --atau dibikin biasa-biasa saja, dengan mengatur nada dan intonasi tawa."

Konon, bila Anda wanita, maka cara terbaik untuk mengoyak pertahanan pria adalah dengan tertawa pada nada agak tinggi disertai gerakan tangan di sekitar dada.

Sebaliknya untuk pria. Konon, wanita lebih tertarik pada pria yang pandai menekan suara tawanya hingga terdengar lebih rendah. Dengan terdengar lebih 'beradab', pria bisa meredam pikiran negatif wanita terhadapnya.

10 Tips Menemukan dan Memelihara Hubungan Asmara

1. Jangan jatuh cinta dengan seseorang yang sangat berpotensi. Terlalu banyak pria dan wanita yang memilih teman atau tinggal dalam hubungan dengan harapan bahwa orang lain akan berubah.

Jujurlah dan jadilah diri sendiri dan bertanya: "Dapatkah saya mencintai orang ini dengan cara yang sebenarnya dimana mereka sekarang tanpa harapan untuk berubah?" jika tidak, carilah yang lain.

2. Jangan memusingkan nafsu birahi. Dalam perasaan yang terburu-buru, orang melakukan hubungan seksual akan menciptakan suatu keintiman yang salah, yang akan menuju kekecewaan.

Sisihkan waktu untuk menciptakan hubungan emosional yang asli dan membiarkan hubungan seksual yang penuh gairah tumbuh.

3. Jangan mengabaikan keputusasaan untuk memiliki suatu hubungan. Misalnya, jika dia membuat suatu pernyataan seperti "Saya tidak melaksanakan komitmen dengan benar," Percayailah dia.

Tanya pada diri sendiri, "Apakah orang ini bersedia secara emosional dan situsioanal?" (Orang cenderung untuk menghabiskan waktu untuk hobinya kemudian baru pasangannya).

4. Jangan mengasumsikan teman Anda secara "fisik" mengetahui apa yang Anda inginkan dan butuhkan.

Bertanggung jawab untuk mengungkapkan perasaan Anda dan saling membutuhkan satu sama lain. Ini akan menghindari konflik dan hubungan emosional yang dalam diantara Anda.

5. Terima pasangan Anda apa adanya. Ketika pasangan memasuki tahap bulan madu, mereka sering merasa puas satu sama lain.

Teruskan untuk melakukan hal romantis satu sama lain dalam setiap hubungan, tidak hanya di tahap awal. Misalnya, buatlah "date night " sekali seminggu.

6. Bersikaplah empatik terhadap pasangan Anda. Sisihkan beberapa saat rencana Anda dan perhatikan pasangan Anda untuk memahami pemikirannya. Memahami dan mensyahkan perasaan pasangan Anda tidak berarti Anda harus setuju dengan mereka. Jika tidak hal ini berarti Anda harus menyerahkan pada kebutuhan Anda sendiri. Sering kali, perasaan memahami akan berarti lebih untuk pasangan Anda dibanding menjadi benar atau memenangkan pertarungan.

7. Fokuskan pada apa yang Anda sukai dari pasangan Anda dan apa yang telah mereka lakukan dengan benar- alih-alih tentang kesalahan mereka.

8. Kekasih Anda kembali. Orang yang mencintai Anda kembali. Anda tidak akan terlibat dengan seseorang yang akan mencintai Anda.

9. Anda tidak merasa Anda berjalan diatas kulit telur. Jika Anda memiliki perasaan yang kuat dalam perut Anda, itu bukan cinta, melainkan Anda mencoba untuk mendapatkan persetujuan.

10. Hubungan yang sehat akan meningkatkan penghargaan diri.

Untuk mendapatkan hubungan yang harmonis, setiap pasangan perlu untuk mengekspos diri mereka sendiri. Hubungan yang sehat terjadi ketika kedua pasangan merasakan aman untuk menyatakan diri mereka sebenarnya terhadap masing-masing.

Say It with Flowers...

Say it with flowers, itulah ungkapan yang sering kita dengar untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu pada seseorang. Bungalah yang selalu mewakili perasaan kita terhadap seseorang yang kita kasihi.

Dari generasi kegenerasi, wanita yang selalu dicintai selalu menerima hadiah bunga. Bunga sebagai bagian dari flora merupakan simbol kehidupan dan keindahan, sehingga ketika menerima, wanita tidak hanya merasa bergetar dan tersanjung, merekapun merasa cantik dan sangat istimewa. Memberikan bunga pada orang yang dikasihi akan meningkatkan rasa sayang pada Anda, dan membuatnya masih sangat berarti dalam hidup Anda.

Umumnya, bunga diberikan dalam suasana istimewa dan untuk meminta maaf, tetapi waktu terbaik untuk memberikan bunga adalah ketika tidak ada alasan apapun. Jika Anda membeli bunga hanya karena Anda menginginkannya mengetahui bahwa Anda mencintai dan memikirnya terus menerus, ia akan merasa lebih terkesan, dan menghormati lebih dari sebelumnya. Inti memberikan "surprise" (dalam suasana yang tidak istimewa) akan menambah suasana baru dalam hubungan Anda.

Berikut beberapa bunga yang dengan arti:

Bunga anyelir Penuh pesona
Bunga krisan Persahabatan
Bunga aster Cinta yang setia
Bunga kaca piring Cinta terpendam
Bunga bungur Keindahan
Bunga anggrek Cinta dan keindahan
Bunga mawar "Saya tak bisa hidup tanpamu"
Bunga mawar (sedikit duri) Cinta pandangan pertama
Bunga tulip Cinta yang sempurna
Bunga violet Kebajikan

Ada beberapa cara menyampaikan bunga pada pasangan Anda. Ingat, apapun yang Anda lakukan, tujuan Anda adalah membuatnya terkesan. Cara terbaik adalah menunjukkan pada dunia bahwa ia adalah pendamping hidup Anda.

Berikan sendiri

Mengapa Anda tidak membeli bunga dan membawanya langsung?Anda dapat membantu menempatkanya dalam air . Atau membawanya ke tempat kerja dan menunjukkan pada semua rekan kerjanya bahwa Anda bukan hanya seorang yang baik tapi betapa beruntunganya Anda memilikinya.

Spesial delivery

Menyampaikan bunga melalui delivery sementara Anda berada di tempatnya dan Anda melihat ia terkejut ketika membaca kartu ucapan, ia tidak hanya merasakan sejuta rasa, tetapi iapun ingin membuat Anda hal yang sama.

Apapun alasannya, kirim ia bunga sekarang untuk menunjukkan bahwa Anda mencintai dan menghormatinya lebih dari orang lain.

Berubah Demi Pacar: Kudu !?

Banyak orang yang rela berubah demi kekasihnya. Entah karena diminta, atau keinginan sendiri. Bagaimana dengan Anda?

Berubah menjadi pribadi yang lebih baik, jelas tak masalah. Malah, Cindy Haynes dalam The Book of Change, justru menyarankannya. Apalagi kalau didasari kesadaran pribadi.

"Berubah atau (tepatnya) kompromi demi kekasih, akan berdampak baik bagi hubungan. Apalagi bila perubahan itu positif dan memberi inspirasi bagi berdua. Tak ada salahnya, koq!" kata Haynes.

Lalu, perubahan seperti apa yang bisa dibilang positif dan memberi inspirasi?

Penampilan, seperti bila Anda dituntut tampil anggun dan seksi, padahal Anda adalah pribadi yang casual. Jangan frustasi, tapi coba temukan sisi baru yang tak pernah Anda rasakan. Kompromikan, sebatas mana Anda bisa merubahnya. Paling tidak, Anda nggak perlu berubah total.

Berat badan. Wajar jika dia konsen pada berat badan. Pasalnya, selain nggak enak dipandang, terlalu kurus atau terlalu 'ndut' itu tanda orang kurang sehat. Jangan tersinggung, tapi pikirkan sisi positifnya, kecuali Anda merasa nyaman dengan bobot tubuh sekarang.

Merubah sifat. Ini yang paling susah, karena sifat itu udah bawaan. Tapi bila dia membawa Anda ke arah yang lebih baik, kenapa tidak? Apalagi jika (kata teman), Anda punya sederet sifat "jelek", seperti pemarah, pendendam, atau pemalas. Oke, kan kalau bisa diubah?

Lebih smart. Maksudnya tentu bukan karena Anda bodoh, tapi dia akan merasa lebih bangga jika Anda bisa 'lebih' pintar. Ini bisa menambah semangat Anda untuk tampil sebagai pribadi yang lebih berkualitas. Sama sekali bukan perubahan yang buruk bukan?

Intinya, sejauh perubahan yang dituntutnya berdampak baik, kita perlu pertimbangkan. Toh, bukan cuma untuk kebaikan hubungan asmara, tapi untuk kita juga! Ehm, kalo cinta semakin lekat, asyik kan...?

Romantis Berarti Mesra ?

Konon, cewek lebih menyukai hal-hal romantis ketimbang pria. Tapi sebenarnya, apa arti romantisme bagi Anda?

Ada banyak definisi romantis atau romantisme. Yang jelas, kata Robert Billingham, professor dari Indiana University, AS, romantisme itu bukan sekedar belaian lembut, kata-kata manis, kerlingan mata, dan sekota cokelat atau segudang pujian.

"Bagi wanita, romantis adalah refleksi kepercayaan terhadap pasangannya," kata Billingham. "Seorang wanita akan menyadari, keintiman seksual melibatkan kerelaan untuk ‘menyerahkan diri’. Itu dilakukan karena dia percaya pada pasangannya."

Romantisme wanita biasanya mengandung emosional. Seorang pelacur akan berkata, hubungan seks yang dilakukan bersama pacarnya, berbeda dengan yang dilakukan bersama pelanggannya. "Ketika ‘bekerja’, pelacur tak mempunyai keterikatan emosional."

Sementara bagi pria, bersikap romantis lebih mengarah pada rasa kasih, sayang, provider dan protektor. "Ketika bersikap romantis, pria sebenarnya ingin mengatakan aku sayang kamu dan tak bermaksud jahat, maka percayalah padaku," ujar Billingham.

Tapi sayang, sedikit sekali pria yang melibatkan emosi dan kepercayaan dalam romantisme. Hal itu menyebabkan rasa kasih, sayang dan proteksi yang ingin disampaikan, kadang tak sampai tujuan. Menurut Billingham, pria lebih mengutamakan gairah dan seks dalam romantisme.

Kenapa begitu? Seorang neurolog, Dr. James Olds menjelaskan, hal itu disebabkan oleh perbedaan struktur biologis dan seks antara pria dan wanita. "Itulah kenapa pria dan wanita memandang romantisme dari kacamata yang berbeda," ujar Olds, dari George Mason University, Virginia, AS.

Jelasnya, "Pria memiliki persediaan sperma yang mungkin tak terbatas dan secara biologis, mereka telah terprogram untuk ‘menyebarkan benih-benih itu’. Dengan begitu, mereka hanya akan menganggap romantis bila seseorang mau menjadi tempat penyebaran benihnya."

Berkorban Demi Cinta ?

Atas nama cinta, banyak orang yang "bela-belain" berkorban apa saja. Tujuannya satu, agar pasangan bahagia. Tapi, haruskah sampai begitu?

Konon, cewek mengklaim dirinya sebagai pihak yang paling banyak berkorban untuk pria. Sementara, banyak pula arjuna yang merasa telah "berkorban" dan telaten merawat cintanya.

Terlepas dari pihak mana yang paling banyak berkorban, psikoterapis Dr. Laura Schlessinger, di Los Angeles, AS, menilai "berkorban" adalah hal terbodoh yang dilakukan orang.

Tentu, Schlessinger tak bermaksud mengajak kita untuk menjadi orang egois, dan tak pedulian. Buktinya, dia menyarankan kita untuk tetap bersabar dan menjunjung tinggi toleransi.

Seimbang. Konon pula, wanita memiliki kadar toleransi dan kesabaran yang lebih tinggi dibanding pria. Mungkin itulah sebabnya, wanita menjadi pihak yang lebih banyak berkorban atau mengalah.

Nyatanya, "Banyak wanita yang merasa harus berkorban. Bahkan, tak sedikit wanita merasa bahagia atas pengorbanannya. Padahal, kondisi itu, jauh dari sebuah hubungan sehat."

Padahal, kebahagiaan sejati itu hanya bisa diperoleh jika ada keseimbangan. "Jadi, bukan hanya wanita saja atau pria saja yang harus berkorban. Tapi harus dua-duanya."

`Dalam porsi tertentu, berkorban atau mengalah akan sangat membantu sebuah hubungan. Tapi bila dibiarkan terus-terusan, kondisi itu bisa terbalik menjadi bom waktu, yang siap meledak kapan saja.

Jadi, jangan pernah takut untuk menegosiasikan setiap kondisi atau masalah yang dihadapi. Hal itu bisa menjadi pelajaran toleransi bagi pasangan, dan pelajaran otorisasi bagi Anda.

Bila Asmara di Titik Jenuh

Cepat atau lambat, akan tiba saatnya hubungan asmara mencapai titik jenuh. Maka siapkan diri menghadapinya. Bila kala mencapai titik ini, maka segala yang terjadi akan nampak monoton dan so boring. Hubungan terasa 'dingin' dan hambar. Bila ini terjadi, apa yang harus dilakukan?

Nita Tucker dalam How not to screw it up, punya tips khusus untuk mengatasinya. Kembali ke masa lalu dan mengenang saat-saat indah jatuh cinta dulu, bisa menghangatkan kembali asmara Anda.

Telusuri kembali kisah cinta Anda dengan membuka album lama, atau membaca surat-surat cinta saat masih pacaran. Ungkapkan saat-saat indah itu dalam kata-kata.
Tanyakan pada pasangan, apa yang dulu membuatnya tertarik pada Anda. Hal itu bisa menggugah ingatan dan kembali menggetarkan hati Anda.
Jika masih ingat saat pertama kali dia mengungkapkan cinta, tak ada salahnya dirayakan dengan nonton film berdua dan dinner. Dampaknya, akan sangat terasa.

Atau, Anda bisa mengikuti saran Dan Zevin dalam The Nearly-Wed Handbook:

Berkumpul dengan teman-teman sebaya yang masih lajang, bisa menambah kehangatan. Dengarkan kisah-kisah mereka, dan Anda akan lebih menghargai kehadiran pasangan.
Tinggal terpisah untuk sementara waktu juga akan sangat membantu. Bukan untuk melarikan diri, tapi untuk menyadari keberadaan pasangan. Rasakan indahnya rindu tanpa pasangan disisi Anda.

Semua usaha itu akan membakar kembali api cinta yang nyaris padam. So, jangan biarkan cinta Anda menjadi dingin.

Anda pernah mengalaminya?

Cara Mendapatkan Romantisme

Romantis adalah suatu perasaan hati yang membuat kita merasakan apa yang kita inginkan. Apakah itu berdansa dengan seseorang yang Anda cintai dibawah kelip-kelip bintang atau mengedipkan mata ketika Anda bertemu pandangan dengannya.

Romantis dapat membuat dunia nampak menjadi miliki berdua-setidaknya saat itu. Tetapi didunia saat ini dimana urusan datang tiada akhir, mungkin akan sulit untuk mencari waktu untuk menurutkan kata hati dalam waktu yang sempit.

Seringkali pasangan sibuk dengan anak-anak perlu memahami bahwa posisi anak mereka berada setelah pasangan tersebut. Kebahagian anak disandarkan pada hubungan yang dimiliki orang tua mereka masing-masing.

Bagi mereka yang merasa romantis, jangan merasa kehilangan harapan. Romantis menekankan pada pentingnya komunikasi dalam setiap hubungan dan pasangan seharusnya secara rutin bertemu disuatu tempat untuk berbicara. Berikut beberapa saran bagi mereka yang memiliki waktu terbatas.

Sisihkan waktu-Jadikan hubungan Anda menjadi prioritas.

Berkencan di waktu yang tidak biasa-Apakah Anda seorang yang telah menikah atau belum, berkencan saat makan pagi, diantara makan pagi dan makan siang atau saling bertemu untuk hanya sekedar minum setelah bekerja. dapat memelihara hubungan walau hanya sebentar.

Menyewa pembantu-Biarkan pekerjaan rumah untuk sementara pembantu yang menyelesaikan, Anda dapat dengan leluasa untuk melakukan hal-hal romantis bersama-sama.

Habiskan waktu sendiri bersama-sama-Hal ini penting untuk menghubungkan kembali dengan pasangan Anda dan biarkan ia mengetahui apa yang sedang terjadi dalam hidup Anda. Pergi keluar dan lakukan sesuatu bersama.

Setiap orang bisa romantis. Mereka akan memperhatikan orang yang dicintai lebih atau mungkin sama dari diri mereka sendiri. Hanya perlu sedikit kreatif dan usaha untuk memiliki ide romantis dalam hubungan Anda.

5 Cara Hindari Romantisme Membosankan

Apakah Anda pernah memperhatikan berapa banyak orang membiarkan hubungan mereka menjadi basi dan jatuh kedalam kebosanan? Mungkin, Anda berada dalam situasi seperti ini, Keadaan iini akan sangat sulit untuk dipecahkan. Tetapi berikut lima hal yang dapat Anda lakukan untuk menghindari kebosanan dan menjaga romantisme tetap hidup dalam hubungan Anda.

Ungkapkan cinta

Selalu katakan pada pasangan Anda bahwa Anda mencintainya. Ungkapan, “aku cinta kamu” ini bukan hanya mengatakan kata-kata saja, juga mengenai cara Anda mengatakannya. Kreatiflah dan ingat bahwa tindakan berbicara akan lebih keras dari kata-kata.

Komunikasi

Satu dari cakupan yang paling banyak dibicarakan dalam suatu hubungan adalah komunikasi. Kurang komunikasi akan membunuh hubungan sehingga sangatlah penting untuk menyisihkan setidaknya waktu setiap hari untuk berbicara dengan pasangan Anda. Komunikasi bahkan sangat tidak masalah apakah yang Anda bicarakan, sepanjang Anda membicarakan sesuatu. Segera Anda akan menemukan bahwa Anda memiliki banyak untuk dikatakan.

Jujur pada hubungan

Ini mungkin nampak sedikit aneh, karena keuntungannya sangat tidak jelas. Ketika Anda melakukan sesuatu yang salah pada pasangan Anda, tidak masalah apakah mereka pernah mengetahuinya. Kenyataannya, Anda telah melakukan perubahan dan menciptakan jarak antara Anda berdua. Tetapi lakukan sesuatu terhadap pasangan Anda, dan Anda segera akan menemukan diri Anda dalam suatu spiral yang menurun.

Jangan terlalu menghakimi pasangan Anda

Sebaliknya dari atas adalah menyadari bahwa setiap orang dapat berbuat kesalahan. Jika pasangan Anda telah melakukan kesalahan, duduk dengan tenang dan lihat apakah itu adalah sesuatu yang Anda dapat lakukan. Terlalu sering dan cepat Anda menyalahkan setiap kesalahan akin menimbulkan reaksi yang mendalam. Reaksi yang mendalam dapat memicu penyesalan dikemudian hari.

Tambah sedikit romantisme setiap hari

Menjadi romantis tidaklah sulit dan dapat dilakukan dalam banyak cara. Sangat penting, setidaknya Anda melakukan suatu tindakan romantis setiap hari secara spontan atau dilakukan menurut kreatif dan selera Anda.

Sampaikan Sesuatu yang Manis Melalui Telinga Kiri!

Jika Anda ingin mengungkapkan bahwa Anda mencintai seseorang, Anda sebaiknya menyampaikannya melalui telinga mereka sebelah kiri, ungkap sebuah penelitian baru.

Seseorang akan nampak lebih mengingat kata-kata emosional seperti "cinta", jika mereka mendengarnya melalui telinga kiri, suatu penelitian oleh para ahli ilmu jiwa di Sam Houston State University, Texas.

Hal ini berarti bahwa jika sesuatu yang baik didengar melalui telinga kanan, mereka cenderung lebih mudah melupakan.

Para peneliti mengatakan bahwa penemuannya dapat dijelaskan oleh fakta bahwa telinga kiri dikontrol oleh otak sebelah kanan, yang bertangung jawab untuk proses hal-hal emosional.

"Penemuan ini konsisten dengan peranan otak sebelah kanan dalam memproses rangsangan emosional," ungkap Dr. Teow-Chong dalam pernyataannya di Kongres Psikologi Eropa, yang digelar minggu ini.

Penelitian Sim melibatkan 26 orang yang mendengarkan kata-kata berbeda melalui ke dua telinga dalam waktu yang sama. Kata-kata disusun dari kata-kata emosional seperti "depresi" sampai kata-kata non emosional seperti "menggabung".

Setelah latihan, para partisipan ditanya sejumlah kata-kata yang mereka telah dengar.

Para peneliti menemukan bahwa partisipan memiliki ingatan yang lebih kuat terhadap kata-kata emosional yang mereka telah dengar melalui telinga sebelah kiri. Pengulangan yang sama melalui telinga sebelah kanan tidak sekuat yang disampaikan melalui telinga sebelah kanan.

8 Alasan Butuh Sex Lebih

Siapa bilang hubungan seks hanya memberi menikamatan? Berikut ini kami sajikan beberapa hasil studi tentang manfaat lain dari seks.

Saat bercinta, wanita akan memproduksi hormon estrogen dua kali lebih besar. Seperti diketahui, hormon itu bagus untuk kesehatan rambut dan kulit.
Hubungan seks sering disertai keringat. Itu artinya, metabolisme tubuh dirangsang untuk bekerja dengan baik. Tahukah Anda, keringat bertugas membuang zat racun dari dalam tubuh?
Bercinta selama 26 menit [sampai orgasme], sama dengan jogging atau renang 20 putaran, yang bisa membakar kalori dari separo pizza reguler. Hal ini baik untuk diet, bukan?
Hubungan seks yang dilakukan suka sama suka, akan memacu pelepasan andhorpin ke darah. Itulah kenapa tubuh terasa ringan dan menyenangkan saat bercinta. Tapi, selain itu, ternyata andhorpin baik untuk mengurangi depresi.
Hormon oxytocin yang dikeluarkan sesaat setelah orgasme, adalah obat penenang paling aman. Jangan heran bila Anda merasa mengantuk, setelah berhubungan intim. Kalau oxytocin datang, susah tidur pun hilang.
Seks biasanya tanpa disertai ciuman terasa hambar. Tanpa diduga, ternyata ciuman yang dilakukan, baik untuk merangsang produksi saliva, yang berguna untuk mempertahankan keasaman mulut dan memberantas bakteri. Dengan begitu, sakit gigi dan bau mulut pun terhindar.
Berhubungan intim selama 20 menit [tak termasuk foreplay], baik untuk melatih kerja kardiovaskular untuk memperlancar aliran darah dari jantung ke seluruh tubuh, termasuk otak. Dengan begitu, selain jantung bertambah kuat, sakit kepala pun hilang.
Semakin sering melakukan seks, semakin banyak produksi antihistamine tubuh. Dengan begitu, tubuh akan terbiasa bekerja keras dan hal ini bermanfaat bagi daya tahan tubuh. Tapi, antihistamine juga baik untuk melancarkan pernapasan, lho.

Tentu, agar hasilnya maksimal, hubungan intim sebaiknya hanya dilakukan secara aman bersama pasangan resmi.

Intim Bukan Hanya Sekedar Seks

Keintiman digunakan sebagai ungkapan penghalus suatu hubungan seksual, para psikolog sangat mengenal bahwa keintiman merupakan bagian krusial dari semua hubungan penting kita. Ini adalah faktor yang memberikan suatu hubungan menjadi dalam, bermakna dan penuh dengan nilai-nilai pribadi.

Jika kita begitu sangat membutuhkan keintiman, mengapa kemudian keintiman begitu sulit dicapai? Halangan paling besar saat ini adalah waktu, dan kurangnya perangkat, ujar Susan Prosser , seorang kounseler dan psikolog untuk Counselling and Education di Ottawa. Keintiman menuntut komitmen waktu yang banyak, diantara kita memilikinya lebih dari dua atau tiga hubungan intim.

Halangan lain mungkin ketakutan, dengan membiarkan orang lain tahu apa yang terjadi pada diri kita beresiko menjadi bahan ejekan, dan penolakan. Karenanya, mengapa kita kadang-kadang mencari situasi yang nampak intim tetapi biasanya tidak.

Kesalahan konsep utama bahwa keintiman hanya diperlukan dalam hubungan Anda dengan pasangan Anda. Tetapi pandangan pria dan wanita sering berbeda, ujar Jayne Weatherbe, seorang ahli therapi dari the Family Therapy Institute of Vancouver Island. Jika ide keintiman pada pria itu adalah menonton acara TV kesayangan bersama istri sedangakan istrinya berbelanja bersama, keduanya mungkin akan kecewa jika mereka tidak memiliki orang lain untuk memenuhi keinginan mereka.

“Untuk mendapatkan semua kebutuhan intim dengan yang dipenuhi oleh seorang pasangan biasanya sangat membebani pada perkawinan. Sangat bahaya bagi seseorang memiliki hubungan yang penuh arti . Seseorang yang tidak dalam hubungan serius masih dapat mengalami sangat intim dalam hidup mereka.”

Anggapan keliru lain adalah jika keintiman tidak dicapai dengan mudah, kita ada dalam hubungan yang salah. Tetapi mencapai dan memelihara keintiman memerlukan kerja dan ini adalah sebuah proses. Biasanya jika kita lebih dekat pada orang lain, kita akan merasa canggung, dan menjauh.

Kesalahan konsep ketiga adalah bahwa keintiman merupakan masalah wanita, buka pria. Sebenarnya, keintiman adalah persyaratan manusia mendasar, tetapi masyarakat belum memberikan kesempatan pria untuk menunjukkan.

SPONGEBOB

2009-01-21T21:37:00.000-08:00

SpongeBob SquarePants adalah sebuah serial animasi yang paling populer di Nickelodeon. Pada awalnya serial kartun ini ditayangkan pada tahun 1999 di Amerika Serikat .

Di Indonesia serial ini dipopulerkan oleh LaTiVi, kemudian hak tayang acara-acara yang diproduksi oleh Nickelodeon dibeli oleh Global TV. Kartun ini diciptakan oleh seorang ahli biologi laut dan animator Stephen Hillenburg dan lalu dirilis melalui perusahaannya United Plankton Pictures Inc. Serial ini settingnya berada di Samudra Pasifik di kota "Bikini Bottom" (artinya bawahan bikini) dan sekitarnya.

Watak

Tokoh utama Spongebob adalah sebuah spons laut berwarna kuning yang hidup bersama peliharaannya, Gary, seekor siput laut yang berprilaku sebagai kucing.

Spongebob tinggal bertetangga dengan sahabatnya Patrick, seekor bintang laut dan tetangga yang selalu memusuhinya: Squidward, seekor gurita yang tidak senang bersosialisasi, memiliki sifat penggerutu, dan hobi bermain Klarinet.

Kelucuan-kelucuan dalam cerita serial ini bersumber dari perilaku sehari-hari Spongebob yang polos, optimis, selalu ceria, dan memiliki prasangka baik terhadap siapapun.

Terkadang perilaku ini membawa bencana, dimanfaatkan, atau terjadi salah pengertian kala dipadu dengan sifat-sifat mahluk lain yang tinggal di Bikini Bottom.

Tokoh-tokoh utama dan pembantu

Spongebob Squarepants

Squidward Tentacles

SpongeBob SquarePants - tokoh utama dalam kartun ini yang berbentuk spons berwarna kuning. Spongebob tinggal di dalam rumah berbentuk nanas di dalam laut. Dia juga memelihara seekor siput yang bernama Gary. Pekerjaannya sehari- hari adalah koki di rumah makan Krusty Krab yang terkenal dengan burgernya Krabby Patty.

Squidward Tentacles - seekor gurita yang tinggal di dalam benteng batu. Ia tidak senang dengan kedua tetangganya yaitu Spongebob dan Patrick yang dianggap sering mengganggunya. Pekerjaan sehari-hari Squidward adalah menjadi kasir di rumah makan Krusty Krab. Tergolong pemalas. Suka bermain klarinet walaupun musik yang dilagukannya jelek. Ia sendiri menganggap dirinya seorang seniman hebat dan orang yang pintar. Memiliki seorang saingan bernama Squilliam Fancyson.

Patrick Star - adalah seekor bintang laut sahabat Spongebob. Walaupun sering kali tidak berkonsentrasi dalam percakapannya dan terjadi salah pengertian, Patrick adalah sahabat yang baik. Patrick tinggal bersebelahan dengan rumah nanas Spongebob dan rumahnya terletak di bawah batu.

Eugene H. Krabs - seekor kepiting pemilik restoran Krusty Krab yang terobsesi dengan uang. Gambaran umumnya adalah kepiting yang tamak dan pelit dan Spongebob seringkali menjadi korban ketamakannya.

Sandy Cheeks (Sandy si Tupai) - adalah seekor tupai atau bajing yang tinggal di dalam laut. Karena Sandy merupakan binatang darat, kesehariannya di Bikini Bottom mengharuskannya memakai baju astronot yang berisi udara pada helmnya sehingga ia bisa bernafas didalam laut. Sandy menyukai karate, dan senang aksi-aksi berbahaya. Sandy sendiri berasal dari Texas, namun kini bertempat tinggal di Bikini Bottom dan menjadi sahabat Spongebob. Tempat tinggalnya adalah sebuah kubah akuarium kedap air dan berisi udara. Ciri khas rumahnya adalah mempunyai pohon besar sebagai tempat tinggalnya. Spongebob dan Patrick bila berkunjung harus terus menerus memakai mangkuk penuh berisi air yang dipakai terbalik menutupi kepala mereka. Sandy sendiri bekerja sebagai ilmuwan di Treedome Corporation dengan bosnya yang monyet. Di suatu episode dia hampir meninggalkan Bikini Bottom karena percobaan yang dia buat dianggapnya selalu salah

Gary - adalah seekor siput peliharaan Spongebob. Berbunyi seperti kucing dan memiliki sifat yang pendiam dan baik. Ia tidak suka mandi dan hanya saat akan dimandikanlah Gary membuat onar.

Sheldon J. Plankton - pemilik rumah makan Chum Bucket yang sepi pengunjung. Plankton percaya bahwa bila ia berhasil mencuri resep Kraby Patty maka rumah makannya akan laku keras. Jadi segala daya upaya ia kerahkan untuk mencuri resep dari rumah makan saingannya ini, namun upayanya ini tidak pernah berhasil dan mengakibatkan kesialan untuk dirinya akhirnya di episode 'New Leaf' dia mengganti restorannya dengan toko souvenir. Memiliki istri berwujud sebuah komputer bernama Karen.

Tokoh-tokoh yang jarang muncul

Mrs.Puff - Seekor ikan gembung yang mempunyai dan mengajar Sekolah Mengemudi "Mrs. Puff Boating School", dan sudah lelah mengajari Spongebob karena Spongebob terlalu ceroboh, Suaminya yaitu Mr.Puff, ditangkap nelayan dan dijadikan lampu, seperti pada episode "Krusty Love".
Larry Lobster - adalah seekor udang karang yang sangat kuat. Kerap kali dapat dilihat di Goo Lagoon.
King Neptune - Raja lautan, yang tinggal di Atlantis, bersama putrinya Mindy, yang hanya muncul di Spongebob Squarepants Movie.
Pearl Krabs - adalah ikan paus remaja dan merupakan anak Mister Krabs. Ia terobsesi menjadi pemandu sorak dan gemar bersenang-senang. Hobinya ini bertolak belakang dengan keinginan Mister Krab untuk menghemat uangnya.
Mama Krab - Ia adalah kepiting yang juga Ibunya Tuan Krabs
Mermaidman - adalah seekor ikan duyung tua mantan pahlawan bertopeng di Bikini Bottom. Sekarang dia tinggal bersama Barnacleboy, rekannya, di rumah jompo Shady Shoals.
Barnacleboy - rekan Mermaidman. Selalu dianggap anak kecil oleh Mermaidman.
Patchy the Pirate - Bajak Laut yang terobsesi dengan Spongebob, dan muncul di beberapa episode seperti UGH dimana semuanya menjadi zaman batu, Patchy juga memilike seekor Beo bernama Potty.
Potty the Parrot - Burung Beo milik Patchy yang sering mengganggu Patchy.
Harold Squarepants dan Mrs. Squarepants orangtua Spongebob yang lebih menyerupai spons laut ketimbang Spongebob yang menyerupai spons dapur.
Flying Dutchman Bajak laut hantu ini suka menakuti siapa saja tetapi pada episode "Ghost Host" dia menuruti perintah Spongebob yaitu menakuti orang selain Spongebob
Karen Plankton - istri komputer Plankton yang bisa menirukan perasaan manusia. Dia membantu Plankton mencuri resep rahasia Krabby Patty.

Karakter Figuran

Bubble Bass musuh abadi spongebob.
Flatz, Ikan gepeng yang merupakan teman lamanya Patrick dan teman satu sekolahnya Spongebob.
Stanley S. Squarepants, sepupu Spongebob yang berkepala kotak dan mempunyai rambut dengan badan tinggi dan kurus, seperti manusia, dan mempunyai kebiasaan merusak barang apapun yang disentuhnya, bahkan menghancurkan Chum Bucket dalam suatu episode.
Paman Kevin Law, Paman Spongebob yang dulunya adalah seorang penegak hukum.
Sherm Squarepants, Paman Spongebob yang ingin agar Spongebob cepat kaya dan dia adalah ayahnya Stanley S. Squarepants.
Grandma Squarepants dan Grandpa Squarepants, kakek-nenek Spongebob.
Man Ray ,merupakan penjahat musuhnya Mermaidman dan Barnacleboy
The Dirty Bubble, penjahat yang juga temannya Man Ray
The Moth, yaitu musuh Mermaidman yang berbentuk seperti lalat berotot.
The Chief, orang yang memberi tugas pada Mermaidman pada episode Mermaidman and Barnacleboy V
Master Udon, orang yang jago karate dan tinggal di Karate Island (Pulau Karate)
Old Man Jenkins Orang Tua yang dulunya tinggal di Krusty Krab sebelum menjadi restoran, dan sekarang tinggal di Rumah Jompo Shady Shoals
Mystery the Sea Horse Kuda laut yang dimiliki Spongebob, namun karena tidak bisa memeliharanya Spongebob melepaskannya, mempunyai kebiasaan memakan apa saja, termasuk Pak Tua Jenkins.
Hupla Fish, Ikan kecil yang muncul pada episode Krusty Krab Training Video dan selalu berkata "HUPLA!", karena dianggap mengganggu narrator akhirnya dia dilempar batu bata dan pingsan.
Squilliam Fancyson Rival dari Squidward ini kaya sehingga Squidward iri dengannya sehingga Squidward menyainginya dengan membuat band dan mengubah Krusty Krab menjadi restoran bintang 5. Dia juga mengatakan Squidward suka menghayal di SMA
Blackjack Squarepants (Blackjack) Sepupu Spongebob yang ingin menghajar Spongebob
Tattletale Strangler Seorang kriminal di Bikini Bottom, yang senang mencekik.
Painty The Pirate Bajak laut yang muncul pada lagu Spongebob Squarepants.
Leif Erickson Seorang pelaut yang terkenal, tetapi wajahnya tidak pernah tampak.
Jim Koki terkenal yang dulunya bekerja di Krusty Krab.
Nyonya Gristlepuss Seorang wanita tua yang memimpin organisasi yang tidak menyukai kesenangan dan kegembiraan.
Tuan What Zit Tooya Seorang pelanggan yang nama aslinya tidak pernah diketahui, ini hanya nama samarannya.
SpongeBuck Leluhur Spongebob pada zaman Koboi
Dead Eye Leluhur Plankton pada zaman Koboi
Torpedo Belly(Perut Torpedo) merupakan teman satu angkatannya Tuan Krab.
Ned and the Needle Fish - merupakan sebuah band terkenal di Bikini Bottom
The Birdband- band favoritnya Potty
Spongetron robot yang menyerupai Spongebob pada episode SB-129
Kevin the Sea Cucumber mengaku sebagai pemimpin organisasi penangkap ubur-ubur terkenal, padahal tidak.
Snaily Siput Squidward yang dianggap Squidward paling hebat dan Squidward mengejek Gary keong kampungan di episode The Great Snail Race
Rocky Batu yang Patrick anggap siput yang akhirnya memenangkan lomba siput di episode The Great Snail Race

Tempat dalam seri Spongebob

Bikini Bottomshire - Nama Bikini Bottom pada zaman dahulu, daerah ini dikuasai oleh King Krab, yang merupakan rival dari penyihir Plankton
Goo Lagoon - Sebuah pantai di Bikini Bottom kerap dikunjungi Spongebob dan rekan-rekan.
Rock Bottom - Sebuah tempat di luar Bikini Bottom yang didiami ikan-ikan pelik.
Sea Needle - Bangunan tinggi yang juga parodi dari bangunan Space Needle di Seattle
Shell City - Merupakan toko cenderamata yang terletak di darat. (hanya muncul dalam film Spongebob the Movie)
Jellyfish fields (Padang Ubur-ubur) - Tempat memancing Ubur-ubur. Spongebob seringkali datang ke tempat ini.
Krusty Krab - Restoran fastfood di mana Spongebob dan Squidward berkerja. Krusty Krab menjual penganan paling diminati selautan yakni Krabby Patty yang seperti burger.
Shady Shoals - rumah jompo di mana yang di tinggali Mermaidman dan Barnacleboy
Fancy Restaurant - Restoran bintang lima , dimana Spongebob pernah bekerja disini.
Glove World - tempat bermain Spongebob dan Patrick sebelum ke Rock Bottom
Chum Bucket - Rumah makan dimana Plankton menyusun rencana jahat nya dan tinggal bersama Karen. Selalu kosong tanpa pengunjung.
New Kelp - Kota dimana Spongebob menjadi walikota dan namanya menjadi Chipshack Brown Pants
Residents' Row Tempat tinggal Patrick, Squidward & Spongebob
Loker Davy Jones - Tempat dimana orang yang memiliki sifat yang tidak baik, tempat yang penuh dengan kaus kaki.
Fast Food Coliseum - Tempat para koki untuk mengikuti kejuaraan masak tahunan.
Barg 'n Mart - Tempat para warga Bikini Bottom berbelanja.
Diner Sebuah restoran yang muncul di beberapa episode yaitu Chocolate With Nuts, Mermaidman & Barnacelboy II,& Missing Identity
Oyster Stadium Tempat tiram & tempat Pertandingan siput

Produk dalam serial Spongebob

Krabby Patty - Makanan yang disukai oleh warga Bikini Bottom, Plankton selalu berusaha mencurinya.
Kelpo - Sereal yang selalu menjadi menu sarapannya Spongebob.
Mobil transparan- mobil yang selalu dipakai oleh Mermaidman dan Barnacleboy,yang transparan.
Bikini Bottom Phonebook - buku telpon yang pernah diisi oleh iklannya Plankton
Fancy Living Digest - majalah yang memandu cara menjadi kaya dalam waktu yang singkat
Kelp Shake - Minuman enak yang pernah dijual di Bikini Bottom, belakangan diketahui bahwa produk ini mengandung zat radioaktif.
Ol'Reliable - Jaring ubur-ubur yang pernah dipakai Spongebob
Spat si Spatula - Spatula yang selalu digunakan Spongebob untuk memasak Krabby Patty.
Tartar Sauce - Saus tartar adalah produk saus yang berefek seperti asam yang berbahaya
Volcano Sauce - Saus extra pedas

Binatang yang ada di Bikini Bottom

Alaskan Bull Worm Monster cacing raksasa dari Alaska yang senang memakan apa saja
Sea Bear Monster berwajah beruang dan perawakannya seperti ikan besar, monster besar yang pernah muncul di majalah-majalah fiksi Bikini Bottom
Sea Rhino Monster berwajah badak dan perawakannya seperti badak yang memiliki sirip
Nematoda Cacing kecil yang hidup berkelompok dan seperti parasit
Ubur-ubur Binatang yang pada umumnya berwarna pink, dan sering ditangkap oleh Spongebob, populasinya sekitar 1 juta ubur-ubur dan tinggal di Jellyfish Fields.